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71 

EORM APOSTOLIC^. 



HOM APOSTOLIC^ 



OR, A 



Btgestctr jBarratibe 



ACTS AND WRITINGS OF THE APOSTLES 
OE JESUS CHRIST. 



ARRANGED ACCORDING TO TOWNSEND, 



THE REV. WILLIAM SHEPHERD, B.D. 

BECTOB OF MABGAEET BODING, ESSEX, AND BUBAL DEAN. 



LONDON: 

PBINTED FOB 

LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, 

PATERNOSTER ROW. 

1846. 






5 



LONDON : 
GEORGE BARCLAY, CASTLE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE. 



PREFACE. 



The object of this little work is to present, 
in regular and plain succession, a digested 
narrative of the Acts and Writings of the 
Apostles, in order that the Christian reader 
may be better enabled to understand the 
pains and labours of the first messengers of 
the Gospel of Peace, and thereby more 
rightly estimate the loving-kindness and 
faithfulness of Him who sent them forth 
as His ambassadors to bear the knowledge 
of His name into all nations. 

It is hoped that the attempt may be found 
useful, as well to the younger members 
of the Christian Church as to those more 
aged ones, who have not the means nor 



VI PREFACE. 

ability to search more minutely into the 
various bearings of the Revealed Word of 
God, in reference to the ministration of His 
Apostles, and the building up of His Most 
Holy Church. 

In this hope it is now sent forth, with 
earnest prayer to the Divine Head of the 
Christian Heritage that His blessing may 
be upon it, to the edifying of His people 
and to the glory of His name, besides which 
" there is none other under heaven given 
among men whereby we must be saved." 

Margaret Roding, JEssex, 
May 29, 184G. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER I.— INTRODUCTION. 

A.D. 29. 

Acts I. 

Page 
Mount Olivet. — The Apostles enter upon their Ministerial 

Office, by the appointment of Matthias to succeed Judas 

Iscariot 1 

CHAPTER II. 

A.D. 29. 

Acts II. 

Pentecost. — The Descent of the Holy Spirit. — Its Effects. 
— The First-Fruits of the Gospel. — Union of the Con- 
verts, and their Place of Assembly 11 

CHAPTER HI. 

A.D. 30. 

Acts III. 4-32. 

First Apostolic Miracle. — Solomon's Porch. — Apprehen- 
sion of Peter and John. — Their Conduct before the 
Sanhedrim, and Liberation. — Prayer of the Assembled 

Church 22 

s2 



Vlll CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER IV. 

a.d. 31, 32. 

Acts IV. 32, to the end. 

Page 
Union and Concord of the Church. — Punishment of 
Ananias and Sapphira. — Its effects upon the Church. 
— Increase of Converts. — Healing of the Sick. — Rage 
of the Sanhedrim. — The Apostles thrown into Prison. 
— Delivered by an Angel. — Their Boldness before the 
Jewish Council. — Peter's Address. — Gamaliel's Advice 33 

CHAPTER V. 

a.d. 32-34. 

Acts VI. VII. VIII. 2. 

Appointment of Deacons. — Further Increase of Converts. 
— Synagogues of the Foreign Jews. — Their Dispute 
with Stephen. — Stephen's Courage, Defence, and Mar- 
tyrdom 45 

CHAPTER VI. 

A.D. 34. 

Acts VIII. 3, to the end. 

First General Persecution. — Saul. — Flight of the Disci- 
ples. — Philip. — The Gospel preached in Samaria. — 
Its Success. — Simon Magus. — Peter and John are 
sent from Jerusalem to bestow the Gift of the Holy 
Spirit on the Samaritan Converts. — Conversion of 
Judich, the Ethiopian. — The Gospel preached in the 
Provinces of Judea. — Gospel of St. Matthew ... 55 



CONTENTS. IX 

CHAPTER VII. 

a.d. 35. 

Acts IX. 1-19. 

Page 

The Conversion of Saul. — Damascus. 70 

CHAPTER VIII. 

a.d. 35-40. 
Acts IX. 19, to the end. 
The first public Preaching of Saul. — His Return to Jeru- 
salem. — Peter's Visit to the Provinces. — Extension of 
the Gospel. — Cessation of the First General Persecu- 
tion , 81 

CHAPTER IX. 

a.d. 40-42. 
Acts X. XI. to verse 25. 
The Conversion of the Devout Gentiles, or Proselytes of 
the Gate, by Peter at Csesarea. — Reception of the 
Gentiles at Antioch. — The Mission of Barnabas. — 
Saul accompanies him from Tarsus to Antioch, where 
the Disciples are first called Christians 94 

CHAPTER X. 

a.d. 43-45. 
Acts XII. 

The Herodian Persecution. — James, first Bishop of Jeru- 
salem. — Dispersion of the Apostles. — Deliverance of 
Peter. — The Gospel of St. Mark. — Saul and Barnabas 
at Jerusalem. — Death of Herod. — Saul's Divine Ap- 
pointment to the Apostleship. — His Return to An, 
tioch, accompanied by Barnabas and Mark . . . . 105 



X CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XL 

a.d. 45-48. 

Acts XIII. XIV. 

Page 
Antioch in Syria. — Mission of Barnabas and Saul. — 
Seleucia, Salamis, Paphos. — Conversion of Sergius 
Paulus, the first Idolatrous Convert. — Paul. — Perga 
in Pamphylia. — Antioch in Pisidia. — Iconium, Lystra, 
Derbe, in Lycaonia. — Paul and Barnabas return. — 
Attalia in Pamphylia. — Completion of the first Evan- 
gelicalJourney 116 

CHAPTER XII. 

a.d. 49-51. 

Acts XV. XVI. XVII. to verse 10. 
Discussion at Antioch concerning Circumcision. — Mission 
of Paul and Barnabas to Jerusalem. — The first Ge- 
neral Council. — Decree of James and the Apostles. — 
Return of Paul and Barnabas. — Sojourn at Antioch. — 
Their Separation. — Paul's Visitation of the Churches 
in Syria, Cilicia, &c. — Night Vision at Troas. — Call 
to visit Macedonia. — Introduction of the Gospel into 
Europe. — Philippi and Thessalonica. — Epistle to the 
Galatians. — The first Apostolic Epistle 129 

CHAPTER XIII. 

a.d. 51, 52. 

Acts XVII. 10, to end; XVIII. to verse 18. 

The Bereans. — Paul at Athens. — Corinth. — First and 
Second Epistles to the Thessalonians. — Gallio . . . 147 



CONTENTS. XI 

CHAPTER XIV. 

a.d. 53-56. 

Acts XVIII. 18 to end ; XIX. to verse 20. 

Page 
Crete, Nicopolis. — Epistle to Titus. — Illyricum. — Cen- 
chrea. — First Visit to Ephesus. — Csesarea. — Jeru- 
salem. — Antioch. — Conclusion of the Second, and 
Commencement of Third Apostolical Journey. — 
Apollos at Ephesus and Corinth. — Paul's Second Visit 
to Ephesus. — Ephesian Magicians. — Their Failure. — 
Triumph of the Gospel 160 

CHAPTER XV. 

a.d. 56-58 fc 

Acts XIX. 20, to the end ; XX. 

First Epistle to the Corinthians. — Church at Ephesus. — 
Paul's Departure from Macedonia. — Timothy. — First 
Epistle to Timothy. — Second Visit to Macedonia. — 
Second Epistle to the Corinthians. — Third Visit to 
Corinth. — Epistle to the Romans. — Troas. — Euty- 
chus — Pathetic Separation from the Ephesian Bishops 
at Miletus 170 

CHAPTER XVI. 

a.d. 58-60. 
Acts XXI. XXII. XXIII. 

Tyre. — Ptolemais. — Philip and his Daughters. — Agabus. 
— Csesarea. — Jerusalem. — Alms delivered by Paul. — 
Performance of a Vow in the Temple. — An Uproar 
of the Asiatic Jews. — Paul rescued by the Roman 
Guard. — The Sanhedrim divided in Opinion. — A Di- 
vine Vision to Paul by Night. — His Departure from 
Jerusalem, and Arrival at Csesarea 183 



Xll CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XVH. 
a.d. 58-60. 

Acts XXIV. XXV. XXVI. to verse 31. 

Page 
Tertullus accuses Paul before Felix. — Drusilla. — Paul's 
Defence. — Festus. — Paul again accused. — His De- 
fence. — Appeals unto Caesar. — Herod Agrippa and 
Bernice. — Paul's Appeal confirmed 197 

CHAPTER XVHI. 
a.d. 60, 61. 
Acts XXVI. 31 to end ; XXVII. ; XXVIII. to verse 

Paul sails for Rome. — His dangerous Voyage. — Ship- 
wreck. — Meleda or Melita — Miracles. — Proceeds to- 
wards Rome by Sicily. — Met by the Brethren — The 
Apostolic Ovation 216 

CHAPTER XIX. 

a.d. 60-62. 

Acts XXVIII. 16-30. 

Conference with the unbelieving Jews at Rome. — Their 

Obduracy. — Epistle to the Ephesians Epistle to the 

Philippians. — Epistle to the Colossians. — Onesimus. 
— Epistle to Philemon. — James, Bishop of Jerusalem. 
—His Catholic Epistle, and Death 235 



CONTENTS. Xlll 

CHAPTER XX. 
a.d. 63-66. 

Acts XXVIII. 30, 31. 

Page 
Paul's Deliverance from Rome — Luke writes the Gospel 
which bears his Name, and the Acts of the Apostles. — 
Epistle to the Hebrews. — Paul visits Spain, Gaul, and 

Britain Returns to Jerusalem for the last time. — 

Visits various Churches on his way from Jerusalem to 
Rome. — Second Epistle to Timothy Paul's Mar- 
tyrdom .... 252 

CHAPTER XXI. 

a.d. 66-96. 

St. Peter. — His Two Epistles. — His Martyrdom. — Jude. 
His Epistle. — Destruction of Jerusalem. — St. John 
the Divine. — The Book of the Apocalypse or Revela- 
tion. — First, Second, and Third Epistles of St. John. 
— The Gospel of St. John — Completion of the New 
Testament Canon 272 



EOUM APOSTOLIC^! 



OR, 



A DIGESTED NABBATIYE OF THE ACTS AND 
WBITEJGS OF THE APOSTLES. 



INTRODUCTION 

A.D. 29. 

ACTS I. 

Mount Olivet. — The Apostles enter upon their Ministerial 
Office, by the appointment of Matthias to succeed Judas 
Iscariot. 

The history of the Acts of the Apostles neces- 
sarily commences with the receiving of their last 
commission on Mount Olivet, on the occasion of 
the final departure of their Master from them by 
his visible ascension into heaven. Up to that period 
they might be considered as acting under his im- 
mediate personal inspection and guidance. Now, 
they found themselves left as orphans, according 
to their Master's prediction just before his betrayal 
and death. He who had for more than two years 



Z INTRODUCTION. 

been their guide and friend, who had ministered 
to their wants, and shewn them the way of God 
in truth, was now entirely removed from their 
society. They had beheld him taken up into 
heaven. A cloud had received him out of their 
sight. He was no longer present with them in 
his bodily form. His voice no longer appealed to 
them with heavenly wisdom, filling their hearts 
with joy and gladness. His hands were no longer 
lifted up in their behalf. His steps no longer 
went about doing good. They had followed his 
steps in the deserts of Judea, accompanied him 
in thronging cities, slept under his protection on 
the tossing billows, shared in his passing day of 
unparalleled triumph in his progress from Bethany 
to the Temple, heard his last warning instruction 
beneath the midnight sky, and seen him die as a 
malefactor whilst he exercised the prerogative of 
God. They had, too, bewailed his death ; and 
hopeless, disconcerted, unmanned, they had viewed 
the sealed sepulchre. That sepulchre they had 
next seen, with consternation and surprise, unte- 
nanted ; and they had heard, with astonished awe 
and reverence, angelic voices proclaim the Resur- 
rection. Slowly and painfully their incredulity 
had been removed, whilst conviction reluctantly 
came that " He was not there, but risen." For 
forty days on various occasions, during the in- 



INTRODUCTION. 6 

terval between his resurrection and ascension, he 
had manifested himself to the incredulous Dis- 
ciples, bearing all the identity of the cross on his 
risen body. That interval he had employed in 
soothing their fears, awakening their hopes, re- 
newing their commission, and suggesting to them 
loftier apprehensions of their future usefulness and 
paramount services. 

When all this had been accomplished, and 
the scattered fugitives were again collected, and 
rightly impressed with the nature of their high 
calling, so that they had re-united their society, 
and were leagued together in one compact com- 
pany, then was their Master removed from earth 
and taken up into heaven. Their eyes beheld his 
glory, " the glory as of the only begotten of the 
Father, full of grace and truth." He, who had 
been a wanderer in his weary and painful pil- 
grimage of life, not knowing where to lay his 
head, — he, who had been the aim and mark of 
malice in high places, and of scorn and derision 
amongst the refuse of the people, — he, against 
whom both Jew and Gentile had conspired with 
deadly fury, to be satiated only by blood, — he, who 
had been condemned as an outcast of society, and 
who had died the death of the vilest slave, in the 
company of thieves and murderers, — he had been 
carried up to heaven. The angelic hosts had met 



4 INTRODUCTION. 

him with the homage of the skies, and his faithful 
earthly followers had worshipped him with a holy 
worship. He had returned to the glory which he 
had with his Father before the world began, and 
two of the Divine persons of the Holy Trinity had 
announced to them the encouraging truth, that 
their ascended Lord should hereafter return with 
the same glory as that which encompassed him in 
his going up into heaven. All these events so 
far removed from the machinery of earthly contri- 
vance, and so identified with the Divine character 
of Him who had chosen them for his friends and 
ministers, filled them with devout joy; new lights 
burst upon their understandings ; their darkened 
ignorance was rolled away; glorious prospects 
arose before them, and revealed to them the per- 
formance of duties, difficult indeed, and hazardous 
in their execution, but unspeakably glorious to 
themselves, and incalculably beneficial to others. 
So that when they turned away from the place 
which had been the scene of their Master's as- 
cension, to return to Jerusalem according to his 
direction, their hearts were no longer disconsolate 
for his loss, but rather filled with an apprehen- 
sion of his heavenly lessons, and animated with 
the conviction that, though gone, he w r ould be, 
according to his promise, "present with them, 
even unto the end of the world." 



INTRODUCTION. 5 

It is impossible for us to enter fully into the 
various and diversified thoughts which occupied the 
devoted attention of the Eleven as they returned 
from Olivet to Jerusalem. Olivet had been the 
scene of some important passages in the life and 
teaching of their Master, especially just before his 
death. It had been foretold by Zechariah (xiv.) 
that " the feet of the Lord should stand upon the 
Mount of Olives/' in the day when " living waters 
should go out from Jerusalem." That anticipation 
of prophecy was fulfilled when, from the summit 
of the Mount of Olives, Jesus descended to enter 
into the city in that triumphal progress, to 
which the history of nations and individuals af- 
fords no parallel. On the Mount of Olives he 
sat when he warned his Disciples, in language 
of the most awful description, of the fearful 
signs which should precede the desolation of Je- 
rusalem, and the end of all things prefigured in 
that desolation. The Mount of Olives was the 
place to which he resorted after the institution 
and first celebration of the Christian Passover, 
immediately before his betrayal by Judas; and 
there had he solemnly warned his other Disciples 
of their faithlessness to him in the approaching 
hour and power of darkness. Scene, therefore, of 
heavenly instruction during his life, Olivet wit- 
nessed his glorious ascension, and became the 



INTRODUCTION. 



spot which stood to the Disciples an everlasting 
memorial of the truth of Him in whom they had 
trusted, and for whose sake they were now pre- 
pared to lay down their lives in defence of their 
faith, and in testimony of his Gospel. The fisher- 
men of Galilee were now about to become, in 
reality, fishers of men. On them now rested a 
more than ordinary responsibility. Like children 
bereft of the fostering care and watchful guid- 
ance of a dear, an indulgent, a provident father, 
and called upon to carry into effect his plans and 
designs, beset with incalculable difficulties, exposed 
to almost insurmountable obstacles, alone and 
unfriended in the world, the Eleven returned from 
Olivet to Jerusalem seriously bent on the execu- 
tion of those lofty and important duties, which 
henceforth demanded their unswerving devotion 
and most watchful care. 

Accordingly we find them, as their first official 
act, taking measures to supply the deficiency in 
their number caused by the transgression and 
death of their late associate Judas. For their 
Master had appointed that there should be twelve 
— in accordance, probably, with the number of the 
heads of the tribes of Jacob — who should be over- 
seers of his spiritual house, and special ambassa- 
dors of his Mission of Redemption, to make 
known his will to all nations, and after having 



INTRODUCTION. 7 

fulfilled the duties of their appointment, to sit 
hereafter with him on twelve thrones, judging the 
twelve tribes of Israel. Their first act, therefore, 
was one of a ministerial character, altogether dif- 
ferent from anything which they had hitherto 
been called upon to perform. It was to follow 
up, in renewing their original number, that me- 
thod which their Master had established when he 
called them to be Apostles ; and it may well 
serve as an established model of the appointment 
of the overseers of the flock of God, to whom, 
especially, are committed the charge and eco- 
nomy of the Church, " built upon Apostles and 
Martyrs, Jesus Christ himself being the chief 
corner-stone." 

On this occasion we find St. Peter, in accordance 
with the energy of his character and the former 
lively expressions of his zeal, which had obtained 
for him pre-eminence among them, occupying a 
prominent position. He, of all the eleven, alone 
addressed the men and brethren who, to the num- 
ber of one hundred and twenty, were assembled, 
and pointed out to them the necessity of selecting 
a person to be appointed to supply the place of 
Judas, in all respects fitted for that important 
office, from his own intimate knowledge of what 
had taken place in the life and teaching of their 
Master, and from his companionship with them 



8 INTRODUCTION. 

during the whole of their past apostolic expe- 
rience. Out of the one hundred and twenty, 
two persons were especially recommended to the 
approval of the eleven for this appointment, 
Joseph and Matthias. 

There are various opinions who these two dis- 
tinguished disciples were. Joseph, surnamed 
Barsabas, is supposed by some to be the same 
as " Jesus, who is called Justus," by St. Paul, in 
his Epistle to the Colossians, and described by 
him as one of his fellow-workers in preaching 
the Gospel at Rome; by others he is supposed 
to be the Joses, enumerated as being one of 
our Lord's brethren with James, and Jude, and 
Simon. 

The selection was determined by lot, after prayer 
to their Divine Master by the Apostles ; and as 
that lot fell upon Matthias, he has the distin- 
guished honour of being the first person selected, 
for the ministerial office in the Church of Christ, 
under the agency of the Apostles, being, as we 
may conclude from the account given, u an 
Apostle by the will not of man, but of God." 
The word Matthias signifies " the gift of God," 
which has led many to infer, from both names 
having the same meaning, that he is the Na- 
thaniel who received from the lips of the Saviour 
the high designation of being called " an Israelite 



INTRODUCTION. \) 

indeed, in whom is no guile." But be this as 
it may, he was, by this appointment, numbered 
with the eleven Apostles, and thus was the ori- 
ginal number again completed. 

The twelve Apostles, upon whom now rested 
the charge of building up the Church of God, ac- 
cording to the direction of his Holy Son, Jesus 
Christ, were these: — Simon, w^hom his Master 
designated Peter ; James and John, the sons of 
Zebedee, called also Boanerges, or the sons of 
thunder; Andrew, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, 
Matthew, whose name had been Levi; another 
James, described as the son of Alpheus ; Simon 
Zelotes ; Judas or Jude, the brother of James ; and 
Matthias, the successor of Judas Iscariot. These 
were all appointed to the apostolic office with 
equal power and authority, and by the labours 
and preaching of these, under the influence of 
the Spirit of God, was the Gospel spread and 
made known unto all lands, as " the power of 
God unto salvation, to the Jew first, and also to 
the Gentile." They are the illustrious few, whose 
voices were raised on earth to carry the sound 
of that divine message which angels sang at 
Bethlehem, through all lands, in order that all 
who had fallen in Adam might hear and know 
the means of redemption and grace, by which 
they regained reconciliation and life in Christ; 



10 INTRODUCTION. 

so that, as the effect of the fall of man had been 
universal, the power of the redemption might be 
co-extensive, and the knowledge of it published 
throughout the w r hole world. 

It is the object of this narrative to shew how 
this was effected, and afford in a succinct and 
digested order the principal proceedings recorded 
in the New Testament, which evidence the power 
and influence of their Master upon his chosen 
followers, who, through evil report and good re- 
port, persevered in their holy calling, and followed 
his steps through life in preaching and manifest- 
ing the truth of his Gospel, until they sealed their 
testimony by all, with one exception, dying the 
death of martyrs. 



CHAPTER II. 

A.D. 29. 

ACTS II. 

Pentecost. — The Descent of the Holy Spirit. — Its Effects. — 
The First-Fruits of the Gospel. — Union of the Converts, 
and their Place of Assembly. 

When Moses led the people of Israel from 
Egypt, lie was directed by Jehovah to conduct 
them to a certain mountain which he would tell 
him of, where he should receive that confirmation 
of his divine appointment which should both 
allay his own scruples, and prove to his followers 
the truth and authority of his mission. The 
place appointed was Sinai, and the time was the 
fiftieth day after the slaying of the Passover, 
which was the first day of their flight from Egypt. 
Sinai, which signifies a bush, called also Horeb, 
or the Mount of God, is a mountain situated in a 
desert of that name in Asia, near to the Red 
Sea, having three lofty summits, on the middle- 
most and highest of which Jehovah delivered the 
law to Moses, the memorial of which was kept 
up year by year continually, by the observance of 
a feast called " the Feast of Pentecost," from the 



12 PENTECOST. 

Greek word signifying fifty, because the law was 
given fifty days after the institution of the Pass- 
over. It was called also " the Feast of Weeks," 
because celebrated seven weeks, or a week of 
weeks, after the Passover. It was known also as 
" the Feast of Harvest," because the barley har- 
vest, which commenced at the Passover, was now 
ended ; and " the Day of the First-Fruits," because 
on that day the Jews were directed to offer a new 
meat-offering unto the Lord. 

As Moses was commanded to w T ait for the con- 
firmation of his appointment at a given place, so 
were the Apostles enjoined by their risen Master 
" to tarry in the city of Jerusalem, until they 
should be endued with power from on high." 
This command had been given them about ten 
days, during which time they had mingled to- 
gether in holy intercourse, and entered upon their 
ministerial office by appointing Matthias as suc- 
cessor of Judas Iscariot. Although appointed to 
teach and to preach a new and more perfect way 
of holiness, of which the law of Moses was but 
the type and shadow, they still adhered to the 
observance of the feasts and other things enjoined 
by that law. Their Master had been punctual in 
all things contained therein, that he might fulfil 
all righteousness ; and they had learned to follow 
his example. The day of Pentecost, therefore, 



PENTECOST. 13 

which was also the first day of the week, now 
rendered to them peculiarly holy by being the 
day on which their Master had risen from the 
dead, was not permitted to dawn, without calling 
them to the ready observance of those duties 
which Moses had prescribed for the use of the 
Israelites. 

The Apostles were not the only professors of 
the doctrine of Christ at that time, nor were they 
the only persons who were ready to observe the 
feast of Pentecost, for no less than one hundred 
arid twenty persons, devoted to the crucified Jesus, 
assembled for that purpose, as they had before for 
the election of a successor of Judas Iscariot. Their 
place of assembly was, probably, the house to 
which the Apostles had resorted on their return 
from Olivet, and in which they had subsequently 
taken up their abode, belonging to one of the 
principal converts, either to Mary the mother of 
John, or to Simon the leper, or to one of the two 
members of the Sanhedrim, who, fearing to ac- 
knowledge Jesus when living, boldly avowed him 
when dead, by claiming the honour of his hasty 
interment — Joseph of Arimathea, and Nicodemus, 
a ruler of the Jews. 

Whilst the one hundred and twenty were there 
assembled on the first day of the week, comme- 
morating the giving of the old law and testifying 



14 DESCENT OF THE HOLY GHOST. 

their thanksgiving to the God of harvests by 
offering the first-fruits of the harvest, and, at the 
same time, keeping up their new mode of assem- 
bling together in remembrance of their Master's 
resurrection, the first-fruits of the grave, an 
event took place which ratified the gift of a new 
and more finished law, being the first-fruits of 
the Holy Ghost in the effusion of tongues, and 
the first public conversion of a number of persons 
to the faith of Jesus, under the ministration of his 
chosen ambassadors. 

The account of this wonderful and important 
event is brief, but one which fills us with astonish- 
ment and awe. What, then, must have been the 
impression of the assembled congregation of 
Apostles and Disciples, when they heard on a 
sudden "a sound from heaven as of a rushing 
mighty wind/' bursting through and filling the 
house where they were assembled ? With what 
reverential awe must their attention have been 
diverted from that sound to the sight of fiery 
tongues, descending from heaven and resting on 
themselves, and not symbolically or figuratively, 
but actually and in truth, infusing into them new 
powers, new understandings, new languages ? It 
was the descent of the Holy Spirit of God ! It 
was the fulfilment of their Master's reiterated 
promise; the realisation of that command, for 



GIFT OF TONGUES. 15 

the accomplishment of which they were to tarry 
in Jerusalem until they were endued with power 
from on high — the baptizing by fire and the Holy 
Ghost predicted by John the Baptist. 

The circumstances which attended this wonder- 
ful event harmonize very closely with the holy 
purposes of the day which they were assembled 
to observe. At the giving of the law on Mount 
Sinai, the people were astounded by the sound of 
thunderings, storm, and tempest ; the Disciples 
of Jesus were amazed with the sudden blast of a 
rushing mighty wind, " filling all the house where 
they were sitting." 

The acceptance by God of the first sacrifice in 
the Jewish Tabernacle near Mount Sinai, more than 
1500 years, and at the dedication of the Temple 
at Jerusalem, more than 1000 years before, had 
been testified by the descent of fire from heaven. 
In like manner, this first sacrifice of the offerings 
of the ministers of the Christian Covenant re- 
ceived the mark of Divine acceptance, by this 
visible descent of the Holy Ghost in the form 
of cloven tongues of fire resting upon the temples 
of their bodies, and inspiring the fleshly taber- 
nacles of their hearts with heavenly power, to fit 
and prepare them to whom the promise had been 
given, beyond the calculation of all human means 
and agency, for that glorious work, the progress of 



16 GIFT OF TONGUES. 

which has been so abundant to the happiness of 
man and the glory of God. For, on the day of 
Pentecost, not only were the first-fruits of the 
Spirit received by those whom that Spirit was to 
guide into all truth, but there were reaped also 
the first-fruits of that harvest of grace, by means 
of which myriads of immortal souls have been, 
and will be, gathered into the storehouse of their 
Heavenly Father. 

An account of this wonderful event soon spread 
through the city, and drew together a large con- 
course of people, who possibly had heard the sound 
of the rushing wind. These formed a mixed 
crowd, consisting not only of the natives of the 
city, but of Jews and proselytes from various parts 
of the world, who had come up to Jerusalem for 
the observance of the feast. And, as on the oc- 
casion of the apprehension of Jesus, the strangers 
had expressed their admiration of him whilst the 
rabble of the city had cried out, " Crucify him ! 
crucify him ! " so, now, the persons from the 
provinces appear to have been struck with ad- 
miration of what they saw and heard, whilst 
others, the natives of Judea, endeavoured to turn 
the miracle into ridicule, and deny the power of 
tongues by referring it to drunkenness, as the 
Scribes and Pharisees had ascribed the power of 
miracles exercised by our Saviour to the agency 



GIFT OF TONGUES. 17 

of Beelzebub. It appears there were present 
persons from fifteen different nations and pro- 
vinces, all speaking languages and dialects vary- . 
ing from one another. They were accordingly 
greatly astonished when they heard the Apostles, 
men of mean appearance and with no pretension 
to literary acquirements, speaking fluently and 
energetically in their several tongues the surpass- 
ingly great and glorious things of God. Unac- 
customed to such an exhibition, and impressed 
with the notion of something being about to 
happen of more than ordinary importance, they 
anxiously inquired of one another, " What meaneth 
this?" Not so the natives of Judea. Unac- 
quainted with the languages in which the twelve 
Apostles were addressing the different groups 
around them, and stubborn and self-willed, blind 
to the blaze of truth, and insensible to the con- 
viction of the power of God, they impiously and 
derisively said, " These men are full of new wine." 
But this charge, groundless as it was gross, re- 
mained not long unanswered. The inspired 
Twelve stood up, as if by that attitude to rebut 
the calumny, by presenting their persons to the 
scrutiny of the gathered multitude ; and Peter, 
ever foremost in energy and zeal, nobly and fear- 
lessly began to vindicate not only the sobriety of 
himself and the eleven, but the wonder- working 

c 



18 saint peter's first sermon. 

power of God, which in the scene before them 
had verified the prediction of the prophet Joel 
(ii. 28), delivered about seven hundred years be- 
fore. But not content with this vindication, he 
proceeded further to prove from the Jewish Scrip- 
tures, as a matter contained in them, the reality 
of the resurrection, and set before them, out of 
the same Scriptures, irrefragable evidence that 
Jesus was both Lord and Christ ; who, in the ex- 
ercise of that character, had shed forth the mani- 
festation of the Holy Spirit, then visible to their 
eyes, and appealing to the hearing of their ears. 

Great is the force of truth, and great was the 
effect of Peter's spirited address. It penetrated 
into the hearts of many so piercingly, that, unable 
to resist the conviction, they cried out " What 
shall we do?" 

Repentance and Baptism were immediately 
preached as the means for remission of sins, and 
the gift of the Holy Ghost ; and they were further 
told that the promise was not only to themselves 
who were then present, and to the men of that 
untoward generation, but unto their children 
and descendants, even as many as the Lord their 
God should call. Three thousand persons having 
gladly received the word which had been ad- 
dressed to them by St. Peter, as well as the other 
Apostles, who we cannot suppose were inactive or 



THE FIRST-FRUITS OF THE CHURCH. 19 

silent upon this occasion, were baptized ; thus pro- 
fessing the Gospel of Jesus Christ, and engaging 
themselves to fight against all difficulties which 
might try and oppress them from the opposition 
of enemies without, as well as prejudices and 
passions within; and thus were there added to 
the Apostles and their associated companions 
about three thousand souls. 

The Church now assembled at Jerusalem con- 
sisted of about three thousand one hundred and 
twenty persons, men and women; and these 
formed, as in the days of the Patriarchs, as it 
were one family, united in faith and worship, 
having but one common interest, living together 
in perfect harmony, no one calling that his own 
which belonged to his worldly substance, but 
having a community of goods brought together 
into one common stock for the mutual support 
and subsistence of them all. 

The history of the world does not present to 
us a parallel instance of such unity of sentiment, 
such community of living, divinely inspired as 
were the Twelve and the members of the Church 
of Christ established in Jerusalem before the day 
of Pentecost, and called to repentance and bap- 
tism, as were the three thousand who formed the 
first-fruits of that spiritual harvest of the Gospel, 
that we need not wonder at, how much soever we 



20 INCREASE OF THE CHURCH. 

may admire their steadfastness, in spite of oppo- 
sition, in the Apostles' doctrine and fellowship, 
and their mutual support of one another with 
their worldly substance, by imparting to each 
other their daily bread, whilst their unity of wor- 
ship in one mind and one spirit encouraged them 
to shew forth the praises of their Redeemer, and 
obtained for themselves favour and good report 
among the people, as well as the approbation of 
their Lord, " who added to the Church daily such 
as should be saved." 

This was, indeed, a reasonable consequence ; for 
the sight of such unity could not fail to produce 
a beneficial effect. We cannot look out upon the 
works of the creation, and view the earth crowned 
with gladness, without admiring the power and 
love of Him who made and pronounced all these 
things good ; so neither could many in Jerusalem, 
who were not given over to a reprobate heart, 
behold the beauty of holiness displayed in the 
conduct of the first fruits of the Christian Church, 
without admiring the power manifested in that 
blessed change. Their admiration led them to 
inquire more closely, and according to the pro- 
mise, " they who seek shall find," their closer in- 
quiry conducted them to that happy conclusion, 
which caused them to avow their sorrow for the 
past by repentance, and to embrace the Gospel 



HOUSE ON MOUNT SION. 21 

of Jesus Christ, by the outward profession of 
baptism. 

The place where the Apostles and their con- 
verts, increasing daily in number, are supposed to 
have met for their Christian worship, for they 
were still regular also in their ministrations in 
the Temple, was the upper room of the house in 
which they were assembled at the day of Pente- 
cost. This is supposed to have been the very 
room — the guest-chamber — which the Saviour 
had hallowed, by instituting in it the Christian 
Passover, at his Last Supper with his Disciples — 
that room in which, on different occasions, on the 
first day of the week, he had appeared after 
his resurrection, to confirm the truth of his own 
Messiahship, and console the hearts of his sor- 
rowing followers. Tradition, (and why should 
Ecclesiastical Tradition be of less authority in 
matters of fact and locality, than the annals of 
even profane historians?) Tradition points out 
the house as having been situated on Mount Sion, 
overlooking the Temple, on the site of which in 
after times a church was built, called the Church 
of Sion, to which St. Jerome applies these words 
of the Psalmist (lxxxvii. 1, 2,) " Her foundations 
are on the holy mountain; the Lord loveth the 
gates of Sion more than all the dwellings of 
Jacob ." 



CHAPTER III. 

A.D. 30. 

ACTS III. 4-32. 

First Apostolic Miracle — Solomon's Porch. — Apprehension 
of Peter and John — Their Conduct before the Sanhedrim, 
and Liberation. — Prayer of the Assembled Church. 

In this state of unity, daily increasing in con- 
verts, influenced by the preaching of the Apostles 
and the exemplary conduct of the believers, the 
Christian Church continued, probably, for about 
one year before the first evidence of their power 
to work miracles — a gift included in their ori- 
ginal appointment — by the Apostles was given. 
Although it was their custom to meet daily in 
the upper room of the house on Mount Sion, to 
provoke one another to love, and to join in Chris- 
tian worship, they were equally attentive to the 
Temple service. On one occasion, when Peter 
and John were proceeding together to the evening- 
sacrifice, which was daily offered in the Temple 
according to the institution of Moses, they beheld 
a poor cripple, about forty years of age, lying 
near to one of its gates, called Beautiful. This 



FIRST APOSTOLIC MIRACLE. 23 

gate had been built by Herod the Great, of brass 
elaborately wrought and curiously ornamented, as 
an entrance into the Court of the Gentiles. It 
was thirty cubits (about forty-five feet) high, and 
fifteen cubits broad. At this gate they beheld a 
man who had been lame from his birth, whose 
only subsistence appears to have been derived 
from the casual alms of those who frequented the 
Temple for worship. This man, as was his cus- 
tom, asked an alms of the two Apostles, who, we 
must remember, had no worldly possessions, on 
account of the community of goods amongst the 
Disciples, with which to answer such appeals of 
charity. But they possessed a greater treasure, 
from the supplies of which they could bestow, 
under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, gifts more 
precious than gold and silver. A portion of that 
treasure was not withheld from the poor cripple, 
who not only needed the boon, but possessed the 
only quality which rendered him capable of re- 
ceiving it. 

The name of Jesus of Nazareth, pronounced by 
St. Peter, was the key which unlocked that trea- 
sury; for no sooner did the Apostle command 
him in that name to rise up and walk, than to his 
extended hand the cripple arose, having imme- 
diately received strength to leap up, and stand, 
and walk, and accompany his benefactors into the 



24 Solomon's porch. 

Temple. Nor was strength infused into his body- 
only. His soul received power, which he testified 
by the liveliest demonstrations of joy, and gra- 
titude, and attachment to his deliverers. Both 
the time and place caused the miracle to become 
conspicuous ; it was about the hour of evening 
sacrifice, the ninth hour of the Jewish day, cor- 
responding with three o'clock of our afternoon, 
and the place was a public thoroughfare for the 
Jewish worshippers. Many, therefore, were ne- 
cessarily spectators and witnesses of what had 
taken place; and great must have been their 
astonishment when they beheld him, whom they 
had been accustomed to see carried by others, now 
verifying the prophetic description given by 
Isaiah (xxxv. 6,) of the effects of Messiah's king- 
dom " leaping as an hart/' and eagerly pressing 
along to mix with them in the courts of the 
Lord's house with willing feet. 

The place where this miracle had been wrought 
was near to the entrance of the outer court of the 
Gentiles. The space between this and Solomon's 
porch was sufficient to afford not only those who 
were present at the working of the miracle, but 
others also, an opportunity of seeing the lame 
man walking and praising God. This porch or 
portico was built by Solomon, on the eastern side 
of the Temple, on a part of the valley which lay 



Solomon's porch. 25 

adjacent to Mount Sion. It was a stupendous 
structure, supported by a wall four hundred cubits 
(six hundred feet) high, built of stones, said to 
have been each of them twenty cubits long and 
six cubits deep. It was the only portion of the 
original Temple which survived the devastation of 
the Chaldean conquerors, B.C. 588. It was here 
that our Saviour, at the feast of Dedication, pre- 
ceding the last Passover, was rudely assailed by 
the Jews, for declaring his unity with the Father, 
and compelled to retire beyond Jordan from 
Jerusalem, to which place he no more returned 
until his triumphal entry from Bethany and 
Mount Olives, five days before his cruel death. 

In this porch or portico Peter and John were 
detained by the eager and overflowing zeal of the 
restored cripple, which gave time for a large con- 
course of people to flock together, attracted by 
the strange report of what had been done; 
and it afforded an opportunity to the Apostles, 
which they were not slow in seizing upon, of 
turning the event into an occasion of glory to 
God and the conversion of sinners. St. Peter seeing 
the concourse, and remembering his commis- 
sion as an ambassador of Jesus Christ, imme- 
diately addressed them ; and as before, on the day 
of Pentecost, he had referred to the Hebrew 
Scriptures, as foretelling what then took place, so 



26 saint peter/ s second sermon. 

did he on this occasion prove, by a convincing 
argument drawn from the same Scriptures, that 
he, " whose name, through faith in his name, had 
made this man strong/' whom they had slain in 
ignorance, and who should again come " at the 
restitution of all things/' was " that Prophet" 
to whom Moses had referred in his writings as his 
successor, whom they should " hear in all things, 
whatsoever he should say unto them/' and to 
whom all the prophets had borne witness, from 
Samuel downwards : whose power, therefore, it was 
dangerous to slight, especially by them the child- 
ren of Abraham and heirs of his covenant. 

This address appears to have occupied some 
considerable time, during which the report of the 
miracle had arrested the attention of several of 
the priests, who, with the captain of the temple, 
that is, the officer who commanded the guard of 
Levites there in waiting, and with some of the 
Sadducees, broke in upon the crowd, and pre- 
vented the Apostles from proceeding further with 
their appeal, and the people from shewing the 
effect which it had produced upon them. The 
Sadducees more especially were exasperated, be- 
cause the prominent doctrine avouched by the 
Apostles was the resurrection, — a doctrine which 
their sect entirely denied. Laying, therefore, 
rude hands upon the Apostles as persons guilty of 



FIVE THOUSAND CONVERTED. 27 

sedition, and as the evening was now drawing on, 
and the hour of judgment was already past, they 
committed them to prison until the next day, 
when they could be brought before the Jewish 
Council to answer for the charge laid against 
them. 

Thus the first display of the power of miracles 
given by the Apostles was met with the same 
spirit of rancour and persecution by the Jews, 
which had hunted their Master even unto death. 
But the opposition of the priests, and the rancour 
of the Sadducees, so far from smothering the 
force of the Apostles' address, seemed only as it 
were to confirm and establish it. Many who 
heard the word believed, and five thousand men 
enrolled themselves among that noble band of 
Christian professors, whom no intimidation could 
awe, and no pains and penalties suppress. These 
waited not to be convinced by the powerful ex- 
ample of unflinching courage exhibited by Peter 
and John on the following morning, when called 
before an extraordinary Council of the Sanhe- 
drim, consisting of the greatest, the most learned, 
and most powerful men of the nation, amongst 
whom were Annas, with all his kindred, and 
Caiaphas, and John, and Alexander. This Annas 
was the person who had directed all the pro- 
ceedings of the Jews against Jesus Christ. He 



28 AN EXTRAORDINARY COUNCIL. 

was the most powerful man of his day, having 
seen five of his own sons successively and several 
of his sons-in-law promoted to the dignity of 
high-priest, from which office he himself had 
been deposed by the Romans, who, in their de- 
priving him of the title, failed to abridge the in- 
fluence of his authority amongst his countrymen. 
Caiaphas was his son-in-law, and high-priest both 
at the time of our Lord's crucifixion and on this 
occasion of the persecution of his Apostles. John, 
another member of this conclave, was distin- 
guished for being the scholar of Hillel, and the 
successor of Symeon, the son of Gamaliel, who 
was president of the Council when Jerusalem was 
destroyed by the Romans ; of which event he is 
said, on the occasion of the gates of the Temple 
flying open of then own accord, to have uttered 
this prophetic declaration : " Temple ! Temple ! 
why dost thou disturb thyself ? I know thy end 
that thou shalt be destroyed : for so the prophet 
Zechariah has spoken concerning thee : c Open 
thy door, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour 
thy cedars/ " He attained a great age, and 
lived to see the prediction which he had uttered 
forty years before (about the period of this ex- 
traordinary Council) fulfilled. Alexander also, 
according to the account given of him by Jose- 
phus, was not only the richest and most noble of 



DEFENCE OF ST. PETER AND ST. JOHN. 29 

all the Jews residing in Alexandria, the seat of 
learning and commerce, but a most munificent 
patron of the Temple at Jerusalem, having em- 
bellished its nine gates with plates of gold and 
silver. 

Before these powerful and distinguished mem- 
bers of the Jewish Council the tw^o Apostles 
were placed, and called upon to declare " by 
what power, or by what name," they had wrought 
the miracle of the preceding day. 

Peter boldly avowed before them all, that the 
name which had been so effectual to the working 
of the miracle not only was that of " Jesus Christ 
of Nazareth, w T hom they had a few months be- 
fore crucified, whom God had raised from the 
dead," but that it was " the only name under 
heaven given among men by which they must be 
saved/' Astonished at the boldness of his speech 
no less than the force of his argument, they were, 
doubtlessly, strongly reminded of that power of 
innocency and spirit of might which, in the 
person of their Master, had resisted all their sub- 
tleties, and braved all the temptations of terror 
and threatening. They saw in the prisoners be- 
fore them men who were not only followers of the 
doctrine of that despised Galilean, but possessors 
of the same spirit of truth and determination 
which had drawn from Pilate reiterated acknow- 



30 BOLDNESS OF THE APOSTLES. 

ledgments of his innocency. They saw the Gali- 
lean rudeness of person, and heard their uncourtly 
manner of speech ; and this, backed as it was 
by the presence of the man whose infirmity had 
been healed, increased their wonder, and com- 
pelled them to admit that a notable miracle had 
indeed been done. 

The Apostles were removed to a little distance, 
in order to give the Council an opportunity of 
conferring together, and on their being called in 
again they were " straitly threatened to speak 
henceforth no more in that name." This was a 
tacit avowal of the opinion of Annas, and Caia- 
phas, and John, and Alexander, and the other 
members of the Council, of the power and in- 
fluence of the mere name of Him which they had 
hitherto associated with all that was degraded 
and contemptible among men. It betrayed their 
fear of that name, which a few months before had 
been received with blasphemy, when that of 
Barabbas, a robber and a murderer, had been 
preferred before it, and received with approbation 
and high applause. 

Acquitted, or rather commanded to withdraw 
from the Council, the Apostles deprecated the 
condition of their release, by boldly avowing that 
as it was their duty, so should it be their de- 
termination, at all hazards, " to speak the things 



JOY OF THE CHURCH. 31 

which they had heard and seen;" that is, to 
publish abroad the miracles of their Master, and, 
preaching the doctrines which he had taught 
them, to inculcate the ordinances of the faith 
which he had established. No threatening could 
drive them from this resolution. They remem- 
bered their Master's promise to be with them; 
and the certainty of his triumph over death and 
the grave gave them confidence in his promise, 
and courage to emulate his example. They with- 
drew from the Council, having resisted all in- 
timidations repeated against them by the rulers, 
and having excited in the minds of the people 
great admiration of their boldness and spirit ; 
" for all men glorified God for that which was 
done. " 

Nor was there less of joy and gladness among 
the members of the Church, to whom the Apo- 
stles, " being let go," returned, and to whom, as 
an earnest of the truth of their declaration to 
the Council, they made known what they had 
seen and heard in respect of the late miracle, 
and also the threatenings of the chief priests 
and elders. They saw in the threatenings cause 
of alarm, but they knew in whom they trusted, 
and to whom to betake themselves for help and 
strength ; with one accord therefore they poured 
forth their joint supplications to God, the Creator 



32 UNITED PRAYER OF THE CHURCH. 

of heaven and earth, that he would behold the 
threatenings of their enemies, and give strength 
and support to his servants, the ministers of his 
Son Jesus Christ, that they might boldly speak 
the word of truth, and be endowed with power to 
work miracles in confirmation of their mission, 
" by the name of the holy child Jesus." 

This is the first recorded prayer offered in unity 
of spirit, unity of agreement, and with one mind 
and one mouth, of the united and assembled 
Church of Christ ; and, as at the Dedication of 
the Tabernacle by Moses, and of the Temple by 
Solomon, and at the giving of the Holy Ghost on 
the day of Pentecost, the Almighty gave a sign 
of acceptance, so on this occasion " the place was 
shaken where they were assembled together ; and 
they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and they 
spake the word of God with boldness." 



CHAPTER IV. 

a.d. 31, 32. 

ACTS IV. 32, to the end. 

Union and Concord of the Church. — Punishment of Ananias 
and Sapphira. — Its effects upon the Church. — Increase of 
Converts. — Healing of the Sick. — Rage of the Sanhedrim. 
— The Apostles thrown into Prison ; delivered by an Angel. 
— Their boldness before the Jewish Council. — Peter's 
Address. — Gamaliel's Advice. 

The picture of the Christian Church at this period 
is one which shall only again be realised at the 
consummation of all things, when peace and right- 
eousness, the true characteristics of the Messiah's 
kingdom, shall meet together and dwell among 
men ; when Ephraim shall no more envy Judah, 
and Judah shall cease to vex Ephraim : but the 
savage passions of corrupted nature shall be 
changed into meekness, and love, and charity, 
and universal concord shall shed its blessings 
upon earth. They had a community of goods, an 
agreement of worship, unity of faith, and each 
one honoured and loved his brother as himself. 
Hence there were no petty jealousies, no rival 



34 CHRISTIAN CONCORD. 

claims, no jarring interests, no swellings of am- 
bition, no tyranny of pride. As in Paradise, be- 
fore the fall, peace and harmony prevailed, so in 
this early period of the primitive Church of Christ, 
collected and held together by the influence of 
the Holy Spirit, all was harmony and love, readi- 
ness of obedience, cheerfulness of devotion, unity 
of principle, community of daily bread. For 
nearly two years this state of happiness, realised 
on earth, continued without a spot to dim its 
brightness; when, as if to serve as an awful 
warning that no one should presume to enter into 
that holy fellowship who w T ere not pure of heart, 
and ready to forsake all to follow Christ, occurred 
the transgression of Ananias and his wife Sap- 
phira. Previous to their embracing Christianity, 
and professing the faith of Jesus, they had pos- 
sessed a certain property. This had been disposed 
of by their own consent, in order that the pro- 
ceeds of the estate might be thrown into the 
general fund. But as the Israelites after their 
deliverance from Egyptian slavery, and when fed 
with manna from heaven, still lusted for the flesh- 
pots of Egypt, so in the hearts of Ananias and 
Sapphira there still nestled the seeds of worldli- 
ness. Instead of laying the whole of the money 
which they had received in exchange for their 
lands at the Apostles' feet, as Joses surnamed 



ANANIAS AND SAPPHIRA. 35 

Barnabas had done, they withheld a part, they 
made a reservation, they practised a deception as 
useless as it was gross. They had not been com- 
pelled to sell their property. No such sacrifice 
of worldly possession was exacted from them. It 
was entirely a voluntary action, resting upon faith 
in the power of God to provide for his people, 
who were willing to give themselves up wholly 
and without reserve to him and his service. As 
their faith was imperfect, they were led, in their 
imitation of that which was good, to yield to that 
which was evil by making a reservation ; the at- 
tempt of which was a practical deceit, an impo- 
sition upon man, an attempt to deceive the Holy 
Spirit of God, the manifestation of which had 
been attended with such wonderful power and 
effect, both on the day of Pentecost and in the 
miracle of the cripple made whole, and under 
whose special guidance and protection they had 
now for nearly two years lived in security with 
God for their help. In endeavouring, therefore, to 
practise this imposition upon the Holy Ghost, 
they vainly attempted to deceive and mock God. 
This was an awful crime, especially at such a time 
when wonders were on all hands of them, and 
every one was engaged in glorifying God ; and 
awfully was it punished. Revealed to the Apo- 
stles by the Holy Spirit, it was directly charged 



36 AN AWFUL PUNISHMENT. 

in the presence of the Church upon Ananias by 
the Apostle St. Peter, who had no sooner declared 
to him the enormity of his sin in lying to the 
Holy Ghost, who was God, than the guilty and 
self-convicted man fell down and expired, to the 
great terror and consternation of them all. His 
breathless body was instantly removed for burial, 
according to the custom necessarily established in 
those countries where decomposition rapidly fol- 
lows death ; and in the course of three hours the 
same kind of Divine retribution, swift and uner- 
ring in its execution, was re-acted on Sapphira, 
the wife and accomplice of the guilty Ananias. 
Thus was a signal crime, as signally punished. 
We are reminded by the circumstances here re- 
corded of a similar kind of summary punishment, 
inflicted soon after the giving of the Law, upon 
Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, for their 
presumptuous impiety "in offering strange fire 
before the Lord, which he commanded them not." 
(Leviticus x.) 

Great was the effect produced on the minds, 
both of the faithful who were spectators of this 
awful visitation, and of all who heard of it : and 
well did it tend to shew the necessity of single- 
ness of heart and purity of purpose in those who 
would attach themselves to the Christian Church, 
by taking up the Cross and following Jesus of 



MANY MIRACLES. 37 

Nazareth. It served as a salutary warning to 
them all, and afforded another proof of the great 
power of God, that he was " fearful in praises, 
doing wonders." Nor was the effect of this lost 
upon the people in general. Although it deterred 
the insincere from joining themselves to the 
Church, yet both men and women in great mul- 
titudes became converts; and for another year 
the glorious work of the Gospel spread itself with 
power and unity throughout Jerusalem. Solo- 
mon's porch, where the first miracle had been 
wrought, became a favourite place of resort to the 
Christian converts ; and signs and wonders were 
multiplied among the people by the hands of the 
Apostles : the report of which soon extended be- 
yond the precincts of Jerusalem and drew together 
multitudes out of the surrounding cities, (as the 
fame of their Great Master had before done in the 
regions of Decapolis,) who brought their sick friends 
with them, and those who were possessed with evil 
spirits, upon whom the Apostles were enabled, 
according to their Master's previous declaration, 
to work cures, and heal them from their plagues. 
Another year had passed away in such exercise 
of wonder-working power, in which daily proofs 
were given of the fulfilment of the promises of 
Jesus to his chosen followers. They could not 
but feel themselves animated with renewed confi- 



38 THE SADDUCEES AGAIN ROUSED. 

dence on every fresh occasion of the display of his 
greatness manifested through their agency. They 
had, indeed, become fishers of men. The net of 
the Gospel was spread by their hands, and great 
and astonishing was the result of their labours. 
Hitherto they had encountered but little opposi- 
tion from the prejudices of their governors, who 
appear to have acted with forbearance, more 
through a spirit of cautious prudence than from 
any conviction of the power of truth and clemency. 
But their forbearance did not realize their hopes. 
Instead of the Church of Christ falling to decay 
by its own inherent weakness, as they had vainly 
calculated, they saw it daily growing in numbers, 
extending its power, multiplying evidences of its 
purity and force, and engrossing more and more 
the attention of the people. The fact of one 
miracle had induced them to act with cautious 
forbearance in the case of the cripple ; but now 
when they beheld many miracles, the sick restored 
to health, and those who were vexed with unclean 
spirits purified and cleansed, they could no longer 
forbear. The party of the Sadducees were again 
roused into action, and they with the high-priest, 
who was probably, as Josephus has written, Ananus 
the son of Annas, and brother-in-law of Caiaphas 
who was high-priest the past year, a Sadducee, on 
witnessing the progress of the doctrines of the 



DELIVERANCE OF THE TWELVE. 39 

Resurrection, and the power of the Apostles, even 
over unclean spirits (beings whose existence they 
affected to deny), rose up. Their long pent-up 
indignation could no longer be restrained : it 
vented itself in causing them to commit the 
Apostles to the common prison, as persons of the 
vilest character and basest conduct. 

We may remark in the sequel of this transaction, 
as also in many other cases, a secret but beautiful 
coincidence of the operation of the Divine power. 
The Apostles were committed to an apartment of 
the common prison by the violent passions of the 
Sadducean party, who denied the agency of angels 
and spirits, as well as the doctrine of the Resur- 
rection. In the depth of night, when their ma- 
lignant persecutors were, perhaps, exulting among 
themselves over the capture and imprisonment of 
the Apostles, the darkness of their prison-house 
was illumined by an angelic visit. One of those 
spirits who attend continually on the Lord to 
minister to Him and execute His will, was sent 
down from heaven, charged with the deliverance 
of the Apostles from the dungeon. Before his 
approach the prison doors expanded. He led 
them out, and, as if to make their deliverance 
more publicly known, he enjoined them to take 
their station in the Temple, and speak to the 
people the doctrines of life and redemption. The 



40 THE SANHEDRIM. 

Sadducees denied spiritual agency. Now, as if 
to convey to them a most palpable proof of the 
error of their opinion in that respect, an angel, 
one of the blessed spirits " who circle God's throne, 
rejoicing/' was sent as the agent of the deliver- 
ance of the Apostles. The high-priest, who was 
the highest and most important officer of the 
Temple, had used his power for their apprehension 
and imprisonment ; and lo, the Temple was ap- 
pointed to be the scene in which the liberated 
captives should not only shew themselves delivered 
from prison, but where they should exhibit their 
unflinching zeal in that way, and the preaching 
of those truths, for the sake of which they had 
drawn down upon themselves the indignation of 
the ruling powers. There is a coincidence in 
these circumstances peculiarly deserving our re- 
mark and attentive consideration. 

The news of the liberation of the Twelve had 
not transpired when the Council assembled, com- 
posed not only of all the senate of the children of 
Israel, but of the high-priest also. On their 
assembling, they sent officers to fetch the pri- 
soners ; but their messengers soon returned and 
announced to their employers the astounding fact, 
that though the doors were closed with all safety, 
and the keepers were on the watch, yet the prison 
room was empty : no man could be found therein. 



BOLDNESS OF THE APOSTLES. 41 

Amid the confusion and surmises to which the 
return of these messengers gave rise, a person 
was introduced amongst them, who added to the 
perplexity of the Council by telling them that their 
prisoners were standing in the Temple and teach- 
ing the people. Shortly afterwards, the Apostles 
themselves were brought in by the captain of the 
temple and the officers who had been despatched 
for that purpose ; and who had been constrained 
through fear of the people, now strongly attached 
to their prisoners, to treat them in the execution 
of their duty with gentleness. It was in vain that 
the Apostles were reminded of the former threat- 
ening of Annas and Caiaphas and Alexander and 
John, and the whole Sanhedrim. It was in vain 
the high-priest contemptuously spoke of Jesus as 
a man whose name was too vile to be uttered, by 
asking them if they intended "to bring this man's 
blood" upon the Council, according to the impre- 
cation of the people, when they blindly rejected 
Jesus for Barabbas, and furiously demanded his 
crucifixion. Undaunted stood the Apostles, and 
without hesitation did they all with one accord 
reiterate the expression of their obedience to God 
rather than to man. Without equivocation they 
charged the Council with the murder of Jesus ; 
boldly they declared his resurrection, and fearless 
of every thing, except violation of the truth, they 



42 GAMALIEL. 

avowed themselves eye-witnesses of his miraculous 
power both before and after his death, in conjunc- 
tion with the Holy Spirit, which had been given 
to them in so surprising a manner. Their un- 
shrinking declaration of these things cut to the 
heart the members of that combined and collected 
Council, and so rilled them with rage that they 
consulted how they might put to death persons 
whom they could by no other means silence or 
overawe. 

But their malignant purpose was arrested by 
the interposition of Gamaliel, one of the Council; 
a man so highly distinguished in Jewish litera- 
ture, that being the second who obtained the 
name of Rabban, a title of the highest distinction 
and eminency among their learned men, it was 
said of him " that from the time Rabban Gamaliel 
died, the honour of the law failed, and purity and 
Pharisaism perished." He was the teacher of 
Saul, afterwards called Paul, and died about 
eighteen years subsequent to this event, and 
eighteen years before the destruction of Jerusalem. 

The proceedings of the Council had been insti- 
gated by the Sadducees ; Gamaliel was a Pharisee, 
and the rule of his sect was entirely opposed to them. 
Strict to the smallest tittle in respect of the forms 
of the Law, the Pharisees not only acknowledged 
but advocated the doctrine of the agency of spirits, 



HIS PRUDENT ADVICE. 43 

and the truth of the resurrection. Some feeling; 
of this kind, as well as his strict sense of prudence 
and acknowledged principles of integrity, might 
have induced Gamaliel to stand forward on this 
occasion to check the persecuting spirit of the Sad- 
ducean party. His advice turned on the over-ruling 
of Providence, which will sustain the upright 
under all circumstances, and give over to ruin 
those whose foundation is not laid in truth and 
equity. He instanced in support of this the cases 
of Theudas and Judas Gaulonites, who, backed by 
much more powerful worldly support, had both of 
them failed in their attempt, and come to nought. 
Judging from their failure and the dispersion of 
their followers, he advised the Council to refrain 
from the Apostles and leave them to the arbitra- 
tion of Providence, either to fail if false, or if 
true to go on according to God's good purpose. 
This advice appears to have quelled the passions 
of the assembly, and brought them to a more 
reasonable conclusion than they had at first seemed 
inclined to come to. The Apostles were, there- 
fore, called back into the assembly (for during the 
debate they had, as on the former occasion, been 
removed out of it), and having been beaten were 
commanded to discontinue speaking in the name 
of Jesus, and then dismissed. But their courage 
was not quenched. The same Spirit which had 



44 LIBERATION OF THE APOSTLES. 

animated Peter and John on the former occasion, 
now animated all the Twelve ; and that which their 
enemies had designed as their degradation, but 
served to reflect honour upon them. Their suf- 
ferings were deemed so many causes of joy, so 
many evidences of their worthiness to fill their 
present ministry, and so many proofs that he who 
had called them to be Apostles had told them the 
truth in respect of trials, no less than of his pre- 
sence to support and exalt them superior to all 
difficulties. 

They went forth, therefore, from the Council, 
influenced with higher zeal for their Master's ser- 
vice, seeking every opportunity of making known 
his name and the power of his Gospel ; not only 
preaching boldly in the Temple, but going from 
house to house to confirm and establish in the 
faith all who loved to hear the doctrine of Jesus 
Christ. 



CHAPTER V. 

a.d. 32 -34. 

ACTS VI. VII. VIII. 2. 

Appointment of Deacons. — Further Increase of Converts. — 
Synagogues of the Foreign Jews. — Their Dispute with 
Stephen. — His Courage, Defence, and Martyrdom. 

The effect of the Apostles' zeal and energy, both 
public and private, was soon manifested by such 
an increase of converts, and in consequence mul- 
tiplicity of duties, that the Twelve became unequal 
to the discharge of all the claims made upon their 
presence and time. One part of their duties was 
the management of the funds arising from the 
sale of estates and community of goods. Out of 
these they supplied the wants of the poor and 
necessitous, visiting with relief the fatherless and 
widows in their afflictions. But as they were but 
men, and consequently limited in their bodily 
powers, however active in spirit and zeal, they 
were not able to attend in all cases both to 
preaching, which was their paramount duty, and 
the administration of their charities, which was 
their daily practice. They were compelled, there- 



46 FIRST GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 

fore, to trust to others the management of their 
less important ministrations ; and hence arose an 
occasion of discontent amongst some foreign Jews, 
called Grecians, because their poor and necessi- 
tous friends had not received from the native 
Jews the same attention which they had bestowed 
upon their own immediate brethren who were of 
Jerusalem and Judea. On a complaint of this 
nature having been laid before the Apostles, they 
thought fit to call a general assembly of their con- 
verts, and lay the matter before them, in order 
to suggest to them a remedy. They stated to 
them, that their own appointment to the discharge 
of the higher duties of dispensing the word of 
God according to the commission given by their 
Divine Master, precluded them from attending to 
the ministration of the daily charities : a duty 
which might properly be discharged by others 
amongst them, less eminently gifted for the mi- 
nistry of the word. They therefore suggested to 
the complainants, as well as to the general body 
of the Christians, the propriety of selecting seven 
men whom they could recommend for their 
spiritual qualifications and wisdom, that the Apo- 
stles might ordain them for that business. The 
foreign Christians in Jerusalem are supposed to 
have been divided into seven classes, having each 
a separate place of assembly. Hence the number 



APPOINTMENT OF DEACONS. 47 

suggested by the Apostles, that one person might 
be appointed for each one of these to attend to 
their wants and superintend the ministration of 
their daily charities. The persons recommended 
to the approbation of the Apostles were taken, 
as their names import, from the Hellenistic Jews, 
being six of them Jews by birth, and one, Nicolas 
of Antioch, a proselyte. These were set before 
the Apostles, and were appointed by their prayers 
and the imposition of their hands upon them. 
These seven, namely Stephen, and Philip, and Pro- 
chorus, and Nicanor, and Timon, and Parmenas, 
and Nicolas the proselyte, w T ere called deacons or 
ministers, being servants of the Christian Church 
chosen by the multitude, but ordained by the 
Apostles for that work. This first appointment 
of ecclesiastical officers in the Church of Christ, 
after its consolidation on the day of Pentecost, 
introduced another order of ministers into it, by 
the appointment of the Apostles acting under the 
influence of the Holy Spirit, in addition to those 
who had been appointed and ordained by Christ 
himself. The Twelve had received their commis- 
sion immediately from Jesus, and they in turn 
were guided by the Holy Spirit to appoint others 
to hold an inferior office to themselves in the 
Church. From these two appointments have 
been derived those degrees in the Christian 



48 ORDINATION OF DEACONS. 

priesthood which have prevailed from that period 
down to our own times, and which, from their 
institution being derived from Jesus Christ and 
the Holy Ghost, would appear to be as lively- 
marks of the Church of Christ as the Levitical 
priesthood was of that of the Jews. This event 
forms, therefore, an important epoch in ecclesias- 
tical history, and shews as well the authority of 
the Apostles in suggesting the appointment, as 
the exercise of it in confirming by their personal 
approbation the choice made and submitted to 
them by the general body of their followers. 
They left the choice to the people, and when the 
people had nominated those whom they deemed 
qualified for the office, not only was the sanction 
of the Apostles still required, but even that was 
imperfect until ratified and confirmed by a holy 
manner of ordination — prayer and imposition of 
hands. 

The establishment of the diaconal office (a.d. 
32) was followed by a further increase of prose- 
lytes, amongst whom were many of the priests of 
the Mosaic law, whose conversion to the faith of 
Jesus must have caused a great sensation in 
Jerusalem, especially among the chief priests, 
who necessarily were soon apprised of the circum- 
stance. This probably led to the next outbreak 
of the persecuting spirit of the Jews, which, not 



SYNAGOGUE OF THE LIBERTINES. 49 

satisfied as hitherto with inflicting stripes and 
imprisonment, glutted itself with blood. 

There were in Jerusalem at this period, in the 
fourth or fifth year after the death of our Lord, 
certain Jews from various parts of Africa, who 
had come up with their offerings, and being 
looked upon with an eye of contempt by the 
native Jews, had a synagogue of their own. This 
was by no means an uncommon case. The natives 
of Judea held in great contempt all their coun- 
trymen who resided in any other part of the 
world, except those who dwelt in Babylon and its 
neighbourhood. They considered them, in some 
measure, to have lost caste by quitting their na- 
tive land and adopting a foreign language. And 
hence arose the necessity why the foreign Jews, 
when collected in the Holy City, should have a 
place of their own for public worship. The syna- 
gogue used by those from Africa was called that 
of the Libertines, and Cyrenians, and Alexan- 
drines ; and that of Asia, the synagogue of the 
Cilicians. Alexandria in Egypt, and Tarsus, a 
city of Cilicia, were two celebrated seats of learn- 
ing, and the persons from them were probably 
able disputants, and as such, eager to enter into 
controversy with the Christian teachers, espe- 
cially with those amongst them who, like them- 
selves, had been Hellenistic Jews. Hence their 

E 



50 ST. STEPHEN. 

disputation with Stephen, one of the newly- 
appointed officers of the Christian Church, in the 
first or second year following the appointment of 
the Deacons. But however able in disputation 
and subtle in argument, they could not withstand 
the power of that truth for which he contended. 
Scarcely any passion is more bitter or malignant 
than that of a foiled religious disputant. Such a 
passion took possession of these Asiatic and 
African controversialists, when they had been 
overcome by Stephen, and induced them, as had 
before been done by the native Jews when they 
brought unfounded accusations against Jesus, to 
suborn false witnesses, and charge him with 
blasphemy against the Temple and the Law of 
Moses. They, perhaps, remembered how the 
same charge had aroused the rancour and enmity 
of the common people against the Founder of the 
new sect. They knew also that the inhabitants 
of Jerusalem, like the mass of people in all 
crowded populations, were always ripe for mis- 
chief, and ever ready to envy and pull down the 
good, because most widely opposed to themselves, 
and destroy all and every thing, the value and 
excellency of which served but as galling re- 
proaches to their own vileness and shame. Using, 
therefore, the people as instruments of their 
malice, easily inflamed to mischief, and finding 



ST. STEPHEN. 51 

the elders and the scribes willing abettors of their 
purpose, they took measures to seize upon Stephen 
and bring him before the Council. 

This is the third instance of persecution for the 
name of Christ; first, that of Peter and John, 
on occasion of the miraculous cure of the cripple ; 
next, that of the Twelve, by reason of the in- 
creased number of miracles wrought by them ; and 
now this, instigated by the conversion of so many of 
the Levitical priests, and the malice of the foiled 
disputants of the Hellenistic Jews : but in all 
these instances the conduct of the persecuted was 
firm, unflinching, and without compromise. 

In this instance the courage of Stephen was 
very remarkable, and the description given of him 
when before the Council, by the sacred historian, 
is at once expressive and animated : — " All that 
sat in the Council, looking steadfastly on him, saw 
his face as it had been the face of an angel." It 
was irradiated with the sunshine of truth; it 
gleamed with the expression of a noble soul de- 
voted entirely to the cause of that faith, the 
Author and Finisher of which was the Sun of 
Righteousness. But the peculiar animation of his 
features was not more attractive than the boldness 
of his speech and the cutting force of his argu- 
ment were remarkable. His address to the San- 
hedrim, in reply to the question of the high-priest, 



52 ST. STEPHEN. 

rebuts the charge of blasphemy alleged against 
him, by referring to the call of Abraham, and 
embodying the history of the subsequent esta- 
blishment of the Law, and of the rebellions and 
infidelity of the people, together with the changing 
of the Tabernacle of Witness, which they had in 
the wilderness, into the building of the Temple by 
Solomon. Being interrupted at this part of his 
address, he spared not the stiffnecked and perse- 
cuting conduct of their forefathers towards the 
Prophets of old, and of themselves towards that 
Just One, of whom they had been so recently the 
betrayers and murderers. 

This was a reproach too pungent to escape 
punishment ; too true not to excite the most 
violent opposition. They knew not how to con- 
tain their rage. It shewed itself in the greatest 
bitterness of mortified conviction and in gnashing 
of teeth. What a contrast does their infuriated 
appearance exhibit to that of the angelic expression 
of Stephen's countenance with which he began 
his defence, and of that enthusiasm of gaze with 
which he penetrated into heaven, and saw the 
glory of God, and Jesus the Son of Man standing 
on the right hand of God ! How strikingly does 
his declaration of beholding the Son of Man 
thus highly exalted evince the force of his rea- 
soning, and the truth of that Saviour's own pre- 



THE FIRST MARTYR. 53 

diction ! It was a proof, were proof wanting, 
that all he had uttered was from God, and left no 
room for sincerity to doubt or humility to fear. 

They who could resist that practical force of 
argument were indeed hardened, were given over 
to a reprobate heart; and as they who reject 
God, spare not man, so they who heard Stephen 
without being convinced of anything but their 
own bloody spirit of persecution, rushed at once 
upon him, and without waiting for a judicial sen- 
tence, cast him out of the city, and as one con- 
victed of blasphemy stoned him until he died. 
They only, however, could kill the body. They 
could not deprive him of his holy trust in the 
Saviour Jesus Christ, for the asserting of whose 
Divinity it was that he was hurried to his death, 
and into whose hands he commended his spirit ; 
neither could they extinguish the flame of that 
heavenly love by which, in imitation of his Great 
Exemplar, he prayed for his enemies, that this sin 
might not be laid to their charge. Well has the 
sacred historian expressed his death, by saying 
" he fell asleep." The manner of his death was 
violent, and painful, and cruel ; but the passing 
of his soul from its mangled and bloody tenement 
was as the taking of rest in sleep — mild, gentle, 
easy, calm, and tranquil. 

Such was the death of the first Christian mar- 



54 THE FIRST MARTYR. 

tyr, in the thirty-third or thirty-fourth year of the 
Christian era, no less illustrative of the increasing 
wickedness of the Jewish people, than of the 
power of faith in Jesus, which could sustain the 
weakness and infirmity of the flesh triumphant 
over the most violent enmity of Satan and the 
cruelty of wicked men. Neither was Stephen 
left unhonoured in death. They who had known 
and loved him when alive, who had been made 
partakers of the same holy calling of the Gospel, 
and members of the Church of the living God on 
earth, forsook not his cold, and lifeless, and dis- 
figured body. They gathered round it, unawed 
by the popular frenzy, and taking it up, they 
carried it to burial in solemn order, and " made 
great lamentation over hira." 



CHAPTER VI. 

A.D. 34. 

ACTS VIII. 3, to the end. 

First General Persecution. — Saul. — Flight of the Disciples. — 
Philip. — The Gospel preached in Samaria. — Its Success. 
— Simon Magus. — Peter and John are sent from Jerusalem 
to bestow the Gift of the Holy Spirit on the Samaritan 
Converts. — Conversion of Judich, the Ethiopian. — The 
Gospel preached in the Provinces of Judea. — Gospel of 
St. Matthew. 

The public murder of Stephen, effected during a 
popular commotion which had been excited by the 
baffled vanity and malicious intolerance of pro- 
selyting zeal, was like " the letting out of water." 
Followed as it was by the public burial, with 
which devout men had honoured his mangled 
body, it seemed to open the flood-gates of cruelty 
so long pent up by worldly maxims, and over- 
ruled by the interposition of Divine Providence ; 
for He that had worked hitherto continued still 
to work; He who had promised to be with his 
Church for ever, was not wanting to the truth of 
his word. Worldly rage was now permitted to be 



56 FIRST GENERAL PERSECUTION. 

let loose upon his followers. Persecution visited 
the Church, and selected not, as heretofore, their 
leaders and inspired teachers only, but visited 
indiscriminately the mass of the people them- 
selves, the low and obscure, the unobtrusive and 
meek, the quiet and unpresuming worshippers of 
a lowly and crucified Master. The lightning of 
Sadducean rancour had been launched against 
the pillars of the faith. It had passed harm- 
lessly by, or rather had tended to confirm them 
more strongly in the truth. The violence of 
popular clamour had visited a smaller column 
of the- Christian temple, and overthrown it with a 
ruin which seemed but to display the excellency 
of its beauty and the solidity of its foundation. 
Now the stones and smaller works, which had 
before escaped the bursting of the storms, were 
about to become exposed to that desolation which 
for awhile scattered and dispersed them apart from 
one another. This was the first general persecution 
of the Christian Church. It was a Jewish per- 
secution. It was the malice of the old law, per- 
verted from its original and high purpose to 
assert the bigotry of superstition, and foment the 
hacknied cruelty of worldly passions. In it the 
most discordant principles were brought to act in 
unity, as if to display how vile is the enormity of 
the human heart, uninfluenced by truth and un- 



SAUL THE ZEALOT. 57 

guided by spiritual motives. The rigid super- 
stitions of the Pharisees were as abhorrent from 
true holiness as was the formal coldness of the 
worldly maxims of the Sadducees themselves. 
They were both equally opposed to truth, which, 
as their mutual and inflexible enemy, became the 
object of the unsparing hatred and rancorous 
malice of them both. Like a young lion which 
has just fleshed his teeth in recent slaughter, the 
death of the first martyr seems to have whetted 
their appetite for blood. 

The first general persecution is remarkable as 
being the beginning of that series of bloody 
storms which the prince of the powers of dark- 
ness raised up against the followers of truth, 
and for introducing to our notice the name of 
Saul of Tarsus. He is represented as consenting 
unto the death of Stephen. He sustained no 
active part in the murder, although so far abet- 
ting it as to take charge of the garments of the 
two witnesses, whose hands were first upon him 
to put him to death. 

But this passive acquiescence was soon turned 
into a zeal the most active, and a cruelty the most 
implacable. The young man who had been but 
a spectator and conniver at the death of one man 
became a furious persecutor of many. Like a 
bloody and ravening wolf (the emblem of the 



58 DISPERSION OF THE DISCIPLES. 

tribe of Benjamin to which he belonged) laying 
waste a vine, or scattering and devouring a 
sheepfold, he made havoc of the Church, not 
as the Libertines by open discussion, or as the 
Sadducees by bringing them to judgment by 
a judicial process — no, his zeal was too fiery for 
such slow and methodical proceedings. Like 
the forked lightning, it penetrated the inmost 
recesses of houses; it visited the privacy of fa- 
milies; it stalked with its violation into the 
secrecy of domestic life. " He entered into every 
house, and haling men and women, committed 
them to prison." 

We have no account of the number of his 
victims, but so great was the terror inspired by 
his persecuting and indiscriminate zeal, that all 
the members of the Christian Church forsook 
Jerusalem and fled, except the twelve Apostles; 
nobly resigned to brave all storms, and divinely 
inspirited to perform the important duties en- 
trusted to their charge, they fled not. They 
knew the power of their Master victorious over 
death. They believed in God, they believed in 
Him, they trusted in the Spirit, and they were 
holpen. Though the waves of persecution raged 
horribly, God who reigned on high was mightier. 
He allowed, indeed, his faithful flock to be scat- 
tered before the ravening fury of the wolf, in 



CONSTANCY OF THE APOSTLES. 59 

order to try their faith and exercise their patience ; 
but he was the same God who had delivered 
Daniel from the den of lions, and his three faith- 
ful worshippers from the devouring flames on the 
plains of Dura. He knew how to succour them 
in time of trouble. In one mind and one spirit, 
therefore, the pillars of the Church stood erect 
and firm, unmoved by persecution, inflexible amid 
the violence of desolation. They fled not from 
Jerusalem. 

As they had remained in that city until the 
day of Pentecost was fully come, according to 
their Master's command ; so now, in obedience 
to the dictates of the same Great Head, they 
continued to abide in the place which he had 
appointed for their sphere of duty, until the 
time should come when the sound of the voice 
of the Gospel should be heard beyond the walls 
of the Holy City. 

One great consequence of the dispersion of the 
Jews in the Babylonish captivity had been to 
diffuse more extensively the knowledge of Je- 
hovah and his dispensation to Israel throughout 
the world, so that the vanquished became the 
teachers of their conquering masters. In the 
dispersion of the first Christians, likewise, a way 
was opened to diffuse the influence of the Sun of 
Righteousness more generally than before. The 



60 PHILIP THE DEACON. 

rays of its brightness had hitherto centred upon 
Jerusalem only ; they were now about to rise upon 
the darkness which was in the land of Judah, and 
thence spreading illume all the known world. 
On Samaria that light first rested. The harbinger 
of glad tidings to that ancient seat of patriarchal 
possessions was Philip, one of the seven who had 
been ordained by the Apostles on the occasion 
of the complaint of the Hellenistic Jews respect- 
ing the neglect of their widows in the daily 
ministration. As they could no longer serve 
tables in Jerusalem, the Deacons were now called 
upon to discharge other and more important 
duties ; and as Stephen had, in his defence before 
the Council, preached Jesus to the Jews, and 
asserted and proved him to be the Prophet fore- 
told by Moses, to whom they were bound to 
hearken ; so did Philip preach the things con- 
cerning the kingdom of God and the name of 
Jesus Christ to the Samaritans. They were not 
ignorant of that name; for the Saviour himself 
had made the first revelation of his Messiahship 
to one of their inhabitants at Sychar ; and as he 
had first revealed himself to a Samaritan, so was 
Samaria made the first place in which, after his 
death, he was preached out of Jerusalem. When 
Philip, therefore, preached unto the Samaritans 
Christ, and wrought miracles in his name to 



SAMAIIIA. 61 

shew that his mission to them was in the Spirit of 
that Divine Person, who a very few years before 
had astonished them by his preaching and know- 
ledge, they readily received that message, and 
acknowledged the authority of his mission ; so 
that great joy pervaded their city — that joy which 
arises from the conviction of truth, and the power 
of that " Gospel which was able to make them 
wise unto salvation." 

There were, undoubtedly, in Samaria some who 
(as Simeon and Anna in the Temple waiting for 
the consolation of Israel, recognised at once the 
heavenly babe in his presentation to God,) had 
cherished a grateful remembrance of his visit, 
and to whom the sound of his name, and the 
preaching of his power, appeared as the voice of 
former things awakening them to truth and holi- 
ness. Their former impressions had, indeed, been 
tampered with by an impostor named Simon, who 
had arrogated to himself one of the titles which 
had been attached by general opinion to the ex- 
pected Messiah, " The Power of God," and by 
vain delusions and tricks had " bewitched the 
people of Samaria." Yet his influence fell before 
the preaching of Philip. The people forsook the 
impostor and listened to and believed the mes- 
senger of truth ; nay, even Simon himself believed 
also ; and when he had made a profession of this 



62 BAPTISM. 

belief, he was admitted into the covenant of 
Christ by baptism. Together with him also were 
many others baptized ; for it is to be remembered 
that baptism formed the initiatory rite of ad- 
mittance into the Church of Christ in the age of 
the Apostles, who acted under the immediate 
direction of the Holy Spirit, without regard to 
sex or age. Circumcision had been the initiatory 
ordinance of the covenant of God with Abraham, 
which he had also ratified at the giving of the 
Law ; but that " sign of the seal of righteousness 
by faith " was necessarily limited in its operation, 
like the covenant into which it formed the ad- 
mission. But as the covenant of grace was in- 
tended for general adoption, unlimited in its ob- 
ject and unexclusive in its obligation, so the 
means of admission into it partook of the same 
expansion : hence the use of baptism was not 
restricted to sex or age; and therefore it is we 
read of the baptism, not only of individuals con- 
verted by the preaching of the Apostles and their 
fellow-workers in the ministry, but of families 
and households also. 

The news of the reception of the Word of God 
by the Samaritans reached the Apostles at Jeru- 
salem, and must greatly have gladdened their 
hearts amid that trying period of persecution and 
suffering. It found them not unmindful of the 



APOSTOLIC MISSION OF PETER AND JOHN. 63 

work to which they had been appointed, nor of 
the means by which that work was, by their 
agency, to be carried on. Constituted as the 
agents or instruments by whom the Head of the 
Church had appointed the Gospel to be made 
known, and the Temple of Christianity to be 
build ed up on earth, they were called upon to be 
unwearied in their labours, exact and particular 
in minutely observing according to " decency 
and order" the outward means of erecting that 
glorious edifice which, " fitly framed together, 
might grow unto an holy temple in the Lord." 
Accordingly, " when the Apostles which were 
in Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received 
the Word of God, they sent unto them Peter and 
John." 

It would appear that the Apostles had con- 
sulted together when they heard of the conver- 
sion of Samaria, and the result of their counsel 
was the mission of Peter and John, delegated 
from their body, to complete by higher authority 
the good work which commenced under the 
preaching of Philip the Deacon. The converts 
of Samaria had been baptized in the name of the 
Lord Jesus, but the gift of the Holy Spirit had 
not been made to them. That awaited the prayer 
of the Apostles and the imposition of their 
hands. An outward ordinance appears, there- 



64 SIMON MAGUS. 

fore, to have been requisite for the bestowal of 
the inward grace, in reference to the first estab- 
lishment of the Christian Church in Samaria; 
and hence we infer the higher authority of the 
Apostles above that of Philip, who had received 
his appointment by ordination of the Twelve. 

The sight of the gift of the Holy Spirit, con- 
veyed by the outward act of Peter and John, 
appears to have awakened in the corrupt heart 
of Simon Magus sentiments of admiration, par- 
taking rather of worldly speculation than spi- 
ritual purity. Having himself formerly deluded 
the people by tricks and magical acts, he cor- 
ruptly thought the power which he saw exer- 
cised by the Apostles to be of the same nature, 
only brought to greater perfection. He, there- 
fore, rashly offered the Apostles money. He 
attempted to purchase by earthly dross the 
heavenly gift. His conversion had not been real. 
He had mistaken the character and nature of the 
new calling. His heart had not been turned 
from corruption to purity, as the heart of John 
had been from a persecuting spirit, which he 
had exhibited when he asked Jesus to call down 
fire from heaven to destroy the Samaritans who 
would not receive them into their city, to that of 
love and kindness with which he now visited 
them to impart unto them spiritual gifts. Simon 



EXTENSION OF THE GOSPEL. 65 

had been initiated into the Church, and he had 
abode with Philip in the daily witness of signs 
and wonders without entering into the spirituality 
of its service, its singleness of mind, self-devotion, 
and heavenly objects, to be sought and gained 
only by holiness and faith. 

The answer of Peter to the offer of Simon' is 
very characteristic of the zeal of the Apostle, 
powerful in rebuke, yet, as if mindful of his own 
former mistaken notions, holding forth the hope 
of pardon, consequent upon true repentance and 
prayer to God. The effect of his address was, 
that the convicted Magus entreated the Apostles 
to pray for him, that he might be delivered from 
the consequence of his impure and perverse con- 
duct. The Ecclesiastical History does not afford 
further record of Simon, but it is probable from 
other accounts, that, like Balaam, he sinned 
against conviction, and continued apostate. 

Peter and John having thus performed the 
primary object of their mission, did not return 
direct to Jerusalem to give an account of it to 
those who sent them, but went through many 
villages of the Samaritans preaching the Gospel. 
On a former occasion, when their Master sent 
them forth, they were forbidden to enter into the 
towns of Samaria. A more enlarged sphere of 
duty now opened upon them in their appointment 



66 THE SAMARITANS. 

to preach the Gospel to every creature. The 
message to Israel had been rejected, and the time 
was gradually coming on when salvation was to 
be proclaimed to the Gentiles. The Samaritans 
occupied a kind of middle position between the 
Gentiles and the Jews. Composed of both they 
formed a race distinct from both, yet mixing up 
in their polity customs and habits derived in- 
discriminately from their respective origin. In 
preaching the Gospel to them, therefore, the Apo- 
stles broke down the middle wall of partition 
which separated Jew from Gentile ; and this cir- 
cumstance might have served to shew them that 
the time was now at hand when, according to 
their Master's expression to the woman at Jacob's 
well, neither to Mount Gerizim nor yet to Jeru- 
salem should the worship of the true God be 
confined. 

Another evidence of the great change which 
was thus about to be accomplished was afforded 
by the conversion of Judich, treasurer of Queen 
Candace, an Ethiopian, who was met by Philip 
in his progress, under the guidance of the Holy 
Spirit, from Samaria southward towards Jeru- 
salem. This Ethiopian was a proselyte, and his 
visit to Jerusalem, from which he was returning 
when met by Philip, had been for the purpose 
of worship. His inquiring mind had led him to 



JUDICH, THE ETHIOPIAN. 67 

search the Scriptures; and he was reading the 
Book of the Prophet Isaiah as he journeyed home- 
ward in his chariot. But though he read, there 
was a veil on his understanding ; he knew not of 
whom the Prophet had written (liii. 7, 8,) — " He 
was led as a sheep to the slaughter ; and like a 
lamb dumb before his shearer, so he opened not 
his mouth. In his humiliation his judgment was 
taken away : and w T ho shall declare his genera- 
tion ? for his life is taken from the earth. " 
When, therefore, he asked of Philip, (who had been 
invited by him to come up and sit with him in 
the chariot, after he had saluted him with the in- 
quiry, " Understandest thou what thou readest?") 
whether the Prophet had spoken these words of 
himself or of some other man, Philip " opened 
his mouth and began at the same Scripture, and 
preached unto him Jesus." He shewed him how 
all these wonderful and apparently inconsistent 
things, spoken of by the Prophet eight hundred 
years before, were fulfilled even to the very letter 
in Jesus Christ, whose Gospel it was now his 
duty to preach and proclaim, calling upon men 
everywhere to repent and believe that Gospel. 

As soon as the eunuch, impressed with the 
force of Philip' s reasoning, had expressed his 
belief in Christ and his desire to be baptized in 
his name, and had heartily confessed him to be 



68 AZOTUS AND CtESAREA. 

the Son of God, he received baptism. Philip had 
no sooner admitted his new convert into the 
Christian Church by baptism, than the same 
Spirit, which had directed his course from Sa- 
maria and towards the chariot of the Ethiopian, 
again fell upon him and took him away, so that 
the eunuch saw him no more. But though he 
was again left alone to pursue his homeward 
journey, he passed on with joyfulness. Whilst 
€€ he went on his way rejoicing," Philip reached 
Azotus, or Ashdod, mentioned in the Old Tes- 
tament as being the seat of the god Dagon, 
where the Philistines placed the Ark of God 
after they had taken it from the people of Israel 
at the battle of Eben-ezer, in which the two 
sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were slain, 
B.C. 1141. Passing through Azotus Philip pro- 
ceeded on his mission, preaching Jesus in Joppa, 
Lydda, Saron, and other cities in that maritime 
district, until he arrived at Csesarea, where it ap- 
pears he remained stationary for a considerable 
period of time. 

Nor was Philip the only one who, in the 
dispersion of the Christians by the first general 
persecution, preached the word of life : others, 
who were scattered abroad, carried with them 
also, wherever they went, the precious treasure of 
the Gospel, and made known in the various parts 



GOSPEL OF ST. MATTHEW. 69 

of the province of Judea the message of glad 
tidings, publishing an account not only of their 
own convictions and experience, but of all things 
which had taken place at Jerusalem. And to 
give effect to their oral communications something 
more was added. The dispersed were Hebrews ; 
and as it appears beyond controversy that the 
Gospel of St. Matthew was written originally 
in Hebrew, and for the use of his countrymen, so 
is it more than probable that it was first pub- 
lished at this period, a.d. 34. The object of the 
Evangelist in writing it was to comfort and con- 
sole those who, driven from the Holy City on 
account of their faith, like David when hunted 
by Saul, not only longed for the holy assem- 
blies from which they were now excluded, but 
who would find refreshment in their banishment 
from reading a digest of those things, part of 
which they had heard, part seen, which had drawn 
them from Jewish errors to admit Jesus to be the 
Messiah, the Expected Deliverer, " who should 
redeem them from their sins.'''' 



CHAPTER VII. 

A.D. 35. 

ACTS IX. 1.-19. 

The Conversion of Saul. — Damascus. 

We now come to a period deeply interesting in 
the history of the Christian Church. We have 
seen the effect of the Jewish persecution carried 
on in Jerusalem against the followers of Christ, 
how it scattered them abroad, and caused them 
to preach the Gospel in Samaria and other parts 
of the province of Judea. The bursting out of 
that persecution introduced to our notice the 
name of Saul, a young man, who at first took 
only a passive part in the violence done to Ste- 
phen, the first Christian martyr. The further 
progress of that persecution exhibited the looker- 
on as a zealot unwearied in bitterness, unbound- 
edly active in making havoc of those, whom he 
considered enemies of his faith and of the Law of 
Moses. It next presents him, after having ra- 
vaged Jerusalem and caused the objects of his 
fury to betake themselves to flight to other places 



DAMASCUS. 71 

of abode where they might dwell in safety, gain- 
ing so much additional zeal for persecution by the 
success which had attended his zeal in the Holy 
City, that he demanded and obtained from the 
high-priest, Caiaphas, the unsparing persecutor 
of Jesus Christ, letters of credit from him to the 
synagogues at Damascus; empowering him to 
carry on the same rigorous persecution in that 
city, and to bring all, whether men or women, 
whom he might find following the way of the 
Gospel, bound to Jerusalem. Damascus was a 
principal town of Syria, thickly peopled by Jews, 
about 120 miles from Jerusalem, and under the 
power of the Romans; who, however, allowed 
the Jewish Council the privilege of exercising their 
power in religious matters, over all synagogues 
and assemblies in that and other places, which 
were willing to submit to their jurisdiction. 

Armed, therefore, with the delegated authority 
of the high-priest, this zealous persecutor of the 
infant Church of Christ set out on his mission of 
blood and punishment. Young and active, and 
inflamed with the fire of learning and resent- 
ment, the faculties of his mind, deeply imbued in 
pharisaical erudition and highly cultivated by 
general literature, were well accorded to by the 
powers of his body. His was no common zeal, — 
his character was of no ordinary stamp, — his 



72 SAUl/s MANNER OF YOUTH. 

abilities, both natural and acquired, were superior 
to those of the generality of his countrymen. 
From his birth-place, Tarsus, he derived the ad- 
vantage of an enlarged system of mental cultiva- 
tion, which but rendered his studies at Jerusalem 
under the tuition of the celebrated Gamaliel, the 
more formidable to the opposers of Judaism, and 
himself more bigoted in the way of his fathers. 
For when he compared the vast superiority of the 
code of religion and morals bestowed upon his 
countrymen over that of the heathens, with whose 
choicest works of ethics he was conversant, he 
could not but exult in the advantages of the Jew, 
so as to learn to despise all others. The most pro- 
found researches of heathen philosophy were poor 
and mean, when contrasted with the Mosaic Law ; 
and the loftiest flights of Greek and Roman poets 
fell far below the bards of Israel, who, divinely 
inspired, not merely sang of truths, but sang of 
them in strains glowing with heavenly fire. The 
mighty masters of language and philosophy, 
therefore, were held in contempt by this pupil of 
the academies of Tarsus, this proficient of the 
Talmudical school. How much more contempt- 
ible must the fishers of Galilee have appeared to 
his inflated mind ! Contemptible as regarded 
their literature, and worse than vain in their at- 
tempt to defy and reform the Law of Moses and 



HIS ZEAL AND LEARNING. 73 

the tradition of the elders. But when he saw their 
poverty and meanness supported by evidences, 
which convinced many of the truth of their mis- 
sion and the importance of their preaching, his 
contempt was turned into the gall of bitterness 
— religious rancour fretted his mind. 

Zeal for the service of Him whom he worshipped 
as the God of his fathers — zeal for that wor- 
ship which for fifteen hundred years had exercised 
the devotion of the best and most holy of his 
countrymen, became the torch which lighted into 
a flame all the passions of his heart, all the ac- 
quirements of his mind, and sent him forth an un- 
sparing, indefatigable persecutor of those, upon 
whom the acuteness of his learning had no effect, 
and whom the authority of tradition and Talmud- 
ical interpretation failed to convince. Weak and 
unsupported by human power, and for wise and 
gracious purposes allowed, like a harmless and 
timid flock, to be scattered before the ravager, the 
followers of Christ had not wherewith to resist 
his persecution. But in all his zeal and the 
havoc which he made of the Church, he appears 
to have had but one object : it was not to glorify 
himself — it was to promote the doctrines of his 
sect, which he vainly imagined to be the only 
truth, the only mode of religion acceptable to 
Jehovah. In our estimate, therefore, of Saul's 



74 SAUl/s ENDOWMENTS. 

unsparing violence to the Christians, we are not 
to consider him as acting from any low or base 
motive, but rather from a perverted judgment, 
blinded by prejudice and warped by education, 
but sincere in its object. We may hence infer how 
blind a guide is Sincerity, when wrongly directed, 
or governed by Passion and Error. 

But the same qualities which rendered Saul so 
formidable an enemy to his feebler and less 
learned opponents, rendered him more likely to 
be convinced of his errors when brought into 
contact with a higher intelligence and superior 
endowments. Instances are not wanting to shew 
the bitterest enemies converted into the warmest 
friends, and the most active adversaries changed 
into the most steadfast defendants, of those whom 
they had before gone about to compass and de- 
stroy. So it was with Saul. He believed in 
Moses ; he believed in the Jewish Scriptures, in- 
terpreted according to the learning of the sages, 
in whose wisdom and superior attainments he 
trusted without questioning, and whose decisions 
he admitted as implicitly as if spoken by God 
himself. Hence his zeal, his bigotry, his perse- 
cuting spirit, his sincerity in thinking that he 
ought of a truth " to do many things contrary to 
the name of Jesus of Nazareth." In all other re- 
spects, in strict conformity to outward ordinances, 



HIS CONVERSION. 7,~) 

in a rigid observance of all moral duties, and in his 
zeal towards God according to the most perfect 
manner of the law of the fathers, he was blameless. 
He was not, therefore, by any means an unfitting 
character for the part which he was hereafter to 
sustain ; neither was his conversion, still less his 
subsequent conduct, an unlikely event, then, judged 
of even by human principles. But overruled by 
God, brought into contact with a visible display, 
not only of the Divine Glory but of the Divine 
Person of Christ himself, and appealed to by the 
Bath-Col, the voice of God, we do not need the 
aid of human principles to account for his con- 
version. 

That wonderful and important event occurred 
a.d. 35, on his way to Damascus, commissioned 
by Caiaphas and the Jewish Sanhedrim to 
persecute the Christians, whom he might find 
congregated in that city. He is represented as 
journeying, inflamed with a spirit of revenge and 
slaughter, and accompanied by persons, either 
sent by his superiors to give greater eclat to his 
commission, or selected by himself as an escort 
and guard. He had nearly accomplished his 
journey, when " suddenly there shined round 
about him a light from heaven." This appearance 
was followed by a supernatural voice, which Saul 
acknowledged to be divine, by asking " Who art 



76 saul's conversion. 

thou, Lord V 3 The display of this light would 
remind him of the glory of the Schechinah, that 
manifestation of the Angel Jehovah, which gave 
sanction to the law of his forefathers ; and the 
voice would greatly add to his conviction, that it 
was a revelation of the God of Abraham, and of 
Isaac, and of Jacob, who " at sundry times, and 
in divers manners, had spoken " to his people 
Israel. It was possible, nay, very probable, that 
Saul was weighing in his mind the superior evi- 
dence of his faith above the claims of Him "whom 
the Jews had slain and hanged on a tree/' and 
who was therefore, " accursed/' (Deut. xxi. 23.) 

The light and voice, manifestations which had 
shed so much glory and authority over the law of 
Moses, caused him to make the inquiry, as one 
filled with amazement and doubt, " Who art thou, 
Lord V He was conscious that he had not been 
a persecutor of the Lord God of his fathers, be- 
cause he was zealous for His law and ordinances 
above all his fellows. He, whom he was perse- 
cuting with so bitter a spirit, had been " despised 
and rejected of men; a man of sorrows, and 
acquainted with grief." And yet he salutes the 
person who was revealed in the glory of the 
Schechinah, and whom he was persecuting, with 
the title of Lord: "Who art thou, Lord?" 
The answer ends his doubts, solves his question, 



saul's conversion. 77 

unteaches the learning of years, dissolves dearly 
cherished prejudices, convinces the zealot, and 
turns the fiery persecutor into one who trem- 
blingly and submissively asks, " Lord, what wilt 
thou have me to do ?" He did not stop to con- 
fess, with Thomas, "My Lord, and my God \" 
he did not say with the youthful Samuel, " Speak, 
Lord, for thy servant heareth ; " but, as if eager 
that his confession and willingness to obey should 
be concentrated in his inquiry of what was now 
required of him, he asked, " Lord, what wilt thou 
have me to do V* He had heard with his bodily 
ears the Bath-Col, the voice of the living God. 
He had seen with his bodily eyes the glorious 
manifestation of the Schechinah, which put him 
upon a level with the most celebrated and ho- 
noured of the law-givers of his fathers, and,— an 
honour far above any which had been vouchsafed 
to them, — he saw plainly and evidently the Lord, 
the Messiah, in his glorified and heavenly form, 
condescending to reprove, to teach, to appoint 
him to be one of his own teachers and apostles, 
a chosen vessel. That appointment, however, 
was to be made known to him on his arrival at 
Damascus. Other credentials than those which 
he was bearing from the Jewish high-priest to the 
synagogue at Damascus he was there to receive, 
higher in authority, opposite in their working, 



78 SATTl/s CONVERSION. 

but requiring of him the same exercise of activity 
and self-devotion which had been so peculiar a 
mark of his temper and pursuits. 

A short pause seemed necessary for meditation 
and reflection, in order that the excess of his 
astonishment might subside, and his mind and 
heart be thereby more fitted to receive his exalted 
commission. Struck to the earth as he had been 
at the revelation of what he had heard and seen, 
the voice of God, the divine light, the presence of 
the glorified Redeemer, he was both speechless 
and without sight. In that state he continued 
three days, having been conducted to Damascus 
by his companions, who had not been unmoved 
witnesses of that part of the scene before them, in 
which they had been permitted to partake ; for 
they only " heard the voice, but saw no man." 

But the miracle attending SauPs conversion 
did not end here. The Lord leaves not his work 
unfinished. When he begins, he ceases not until 
all be accomplished. Accordingly, another proof 
of the Divine Revelation awaited him in Da- 
mascus. In that city dwelt a certain disciple, 
one of those who were the objects of his threaten- 
ing and cruelty, named Ananias, to whom the 
Lord revealed the communication which he pur- 
posed to make known to the converted persecutor. 
This man was directed to go to the house of one 



BAPTISM AND ABODE AT DAMASCUS. 79 

Judas, in which Saul had taken up his sojourn, 
and in which he had been favoured by a heavenly 
vision. That vision had portended Ananias as 
the person who had been commissioned to lay his 
hands upon Saul, in order that he might receive 
his sight. When, therefore, Ananias, thus com- 
missioned, came to him and declared his appoint- 
ment, and put his hands on him, and said, 
"Brother Saul, the Lord, even Jesus that ap- 
peared unto thee in the way as thou earnest, 
hath sent me that thou mightest receive thy sight 
and be filled with the Holy Ghost," his sight 
was restored, his conversion completed, and it 
only remained for him to be baptized. Without 
delay he received baptism, and the promise was 
fulfilled in the gift of the Holy Ghost. Then, as 
during his blindness, for three days he had re- 
mained fasting, he now received meat, and being 
thus strengthened and refreshed, he abode at 
Damascus certain days with the Disciples. The 
lion now laid down with the lamb ; the persecutor 
became the guest and inmate of those against 
whom he had breathed out threatenings and death. 
It is an interesting evidence of the power of the 
Gospel of Jesus Christ to promote unity and peace 
on earth, to contemplate SauFs sojourn at Damas- 
cus, mixing with, and living in harmony and 
concord among those, against whom he had borne 



80 BAPTISM AND ABODE AT DAMASCUS. 

a commission to persecute them for being fol- 
lowers of that Jesus of Nazareth, whom he now 
acknowledged to be the Lord, and whose Apostle 
he was henceforth to be, " to bear his name be- 
fore the Gentiles, and kings, and the children of 
Israel ; and to suffer great things for his name's 
sake." 



CHAPTER VIII. 

a.d. 35-40. 

ACTS IX. 19, to end. 

The first public Preaching of Saul. — His Return to Jeru- 
salem. — Peter's Visit to the Provinces. — Extension of the 
Gospel. — Cessation of the First General Persecution. 

Saul had sojourned with the Disciples at Da- 
mascus but for a very short period, when he 
received a divine intimation to proceed into 
Arabia, (a.d. 35.) As his Divine Master, before 
entering upon his public ministration, retired 
under the influence of the Spirit into the wilder- 
ness to watch and pray, so was Saul directed by 
the same Spirit to withdraw from the scenes both 
of his former persecutions and recent conversion, 
before he fully and openly commenced his minis- 
terial office. This he did not as the result of 
worldly calculations, or at the suggestion of hu- 
man wisdom ; for he himself states in his Epistle 
to the Galatians, (i. 16, 17,) " I conferred not 
with flesh and blood, neither went I up to Jeru- 
salem to them which were Apostles before me; 
but I went into Arabia." His instruction had 



82 SAUL GOES INTO ARABIA. 

been from the Spirit, he needed not, therefore, 
human teaching ; his commission was derived im- 
mediately from the Divine Head of the Church, 
it was not necessary he should receive his creden- 
tials from men. 

But as his commission is one peculiar, and 
totally distinct from the ordinary operations and 
appointments provided for by the plain rules and 
general directions of the Holy Spirit, in which 
the agency of man is employed, we are not to 
consider this dispensing with the common me- 
thods, as any authority for our claiming a similar 
exemption for ourselves. There has been but one 
Saul of Tarsus converted into Paul the Apostle. 
His manner of conversion and his apostolic ap- 
pointment, therefore, must ever stand alone pe- 
culiar to himself, forming no model by which any 
ordinary Christian can expect either to be ap- 
pointed to the ministerial office, or called from 
the darkness of sin to the light of the glorious 
Gospel. 

In Arabia he abode three years. During that 
period Aretas, king of Arabia, and father of the 
wife of Herod Antipas, whom he had repudiated 
for his brother Philip's wife, having defeated 
Herod and engaged in war with the Romans, 
made an irruption into Syria and possessed him- 
self of the city of Damascus. Vitellius the 



RETURNS TO DAMASCUS. 83 

Roman governor, who had received commands 
from his master Tiberius to bring Aretas dead 
or alive to him, had marched out against him; 
but on hearing of the Emperor's death (a.d. 37) 
he led back his troops, and thus afforded the 
Arabian king an opportunity of taking the city, 
and placing it under the command of a deputy. 
Damascus was held by him when Saul returned 
unto it from his three years' sojourn in Arabia. 
And now commences his public ministration. 
(a.d. 38.) 

During his seclusion in Asia he had, doubt- 
lessly, been sedulously employed in searching the 
Scriptures, and storing up, under the influence of 
the Holy Spirit, a magazine of spiritual armour 
with which to resist the enemies of the Gospel, 
and maintain and advance the cause of truth. 
He had no sooner returned to Damascus than, 
using his former privilege as a Jewish teacher, 
which entitled him to enter their synagogues, 
" straightway he preached Christ in the syna- 
gogues, that he was the Son of God." His ap- 
pearance and manner of preaching excited much 
surprise and discussion; and the question was, 
" Is not this he that destroyed them who called 
on this name in Jerusalem, and came hither for 
that intent, that he might bring them bound unto 
the chief-priests ?" Nothing influenced by this 



84 SAUL PREACHES CHRIST. 

lie increased the more in strength, and with his 
powerful arguments confounded the Damascene 
Jews, proving Jesus of Nazareth — him whom he 
had before persecuted — to be very Christ. 

Unable to resist the cogency of his proofs and 
the fervour of his preaching, the Jews, like those 
at Jerusalem, had recourse to violence. And now 
did he who had not spared others, but had per- 
secuted them even unto death, sparing neither 
age nor sex, find himself visited with the same 
kind of cruel rancour and persecution. His first 
public preaching commenced that series of trials 
and sufferings, which terminated only with his 
death. " They who take the sword shall perish 
by the sword j" and they who persecute others 
shall in turn endure persecution : at least it was 
so with Saul. He had not been many days in 
Damascus preaching Jesus, before " the Jews took 
counsel to kill hiin;" and so well had they ar- 
ranged their purpose to destroy him, by watching 
the gates of the city day and night to prevent his 
escape, that it was with difficulty he eluded their 
vigilance, supported as they were by the soldiery 
of the garrison. His own account of this, his 
first escape from the danger which had beset him 
for preaching Jesus, is thus stated to the Co- 
rinthians (2nd, xi. 32, 33) : " In Damascus the go- 
vernor under Aretas the king, kept the city of 



GOES UP TO JERUSALEM. 85 

the Damascenes with a garrison, desirous to ap- 
prehend me ; and through a window in a basket 
was I let down by the wall, and escaped his 
hands." 

Having thus escaped he proceeded to Jerusalem, 
whence three years before he had gone forth bent 
on destruction, and inflated by zeal for the tra- 
dition of his forefathers. Many circumstances 
had conspired to prevent the Disciples in Jeru- 
salem from hearing of his conversion ; and it was 
necessary for him to shew himself openly amongst 
them, as one not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ. 
But we need not wonder that the remembrance 
of his former conduct caused the Disciples to be 
afraid of him, so that they should distrust his 
sincerity. Their fear and distrust were at length 
overcome by the interposition of Barnabas, who 
had before signalized his devotion to Christian 
principles by disposing of an estate for the com- 
mon use of all the disciples. Whether he had 
heard of the events at Damascus from Ananias, 
or he had been an eye-witness of them, we know 
not ; but in the full spirit of Christian love, which 
thinketh no evil, he brought Saul unto the Apo- 
stles, who were then in Jerusalem, and told them 
of his miraculous conversion, divine appointment 
to the ministry, and the effects of his preaching 
at Damascus. This quieted all their suspicions; 



86 SAUL DISPUTES WITH THE GRECIANS. 

and henceforth he became established in the 
Church, and held communion with its leaders, 
mixing with and accompanying them in their 
goings out and their comings in. It was on 
this occasion that he saw James the Lord's 
brother, who was Bishop of Jerusalem, and abode 
with Peter (as he tells us, Galatians i. 18, 19,) 
fifteen days. The rest of the Apostles would 
appear to have been absent from Jerusalem, as 
besides these two he saw none other of them, 

But his visit to Jerusalem was not passed in 
inactivity. Wisely, however, and with that pru- 
dent judgment which forms so distinguished a 
feature in his conduct, his exertions were made 
not among his own countrymen, but amongst the 
Grecians ; that is, the Hellenistic Jews, the same 
class of persons whom Stephen had so fearlessly 
disputed with. The prejudices of his own coun- 
trymen might have been stronger against him, 
because of his defection from their party, than 
even against the other Apostles ; whilst his accom- 
plishments in general literature rendered him 
a more fitting and more able disputant against 
the Grecians than any other of his fellow-minis- 
ters, whose superior he greatly was in human 
learning. He might also have selected the Gre- 
cians as objects of his preaching, to evince his 
sincerity to the Disciples, because they had for- 



IS PERSECUTED BY THEM. 87 

merly been his associates, with whom he had 
been joined in the persecution and murder of 
Stephen. 

But Saul's exertions and boldness in preaching 
the Lord Jesus in Jerusalem, in the very place 
where he had three years before persecuted his 
followers, and against those persons with whom 
he had on that occasion coalesced, served only to 
excite the rage of the Grecians belonging to the 
synagogue of the Libertines so greatly, that " they 
went about to slay him." This compelled him to 
leave Jerusalem ; and so careful were the brethren 
of his preservation, that they gave him safe con- 
duct to Cgesarea Philippi, in the north of Judea, 
and thence sent him forth to his native city, 
Tarsus, by way of Syria and Cilicia. (Gal. i. 21.) 

About this period Peter began a progress through 
the Holy Land, visiting those places in which the 
Word of God had been established, either by the 
preaching of John and himself, or of Philip and 
others, of whom there is no account handed 
down to us. Pour years before this, in company 
with John, he had gone forth with a commission 
from the rest of the Apostles to Samaria, upon 
the conversion of several of its inhabitants by the 
preaching of Philip the Deacon ; and their visit- 
ation had been followed by the admission of 
many converts into the Christian Church. 



88 ST. PETER AT LYDDA. 

We have no account how long these two pillars 
were absent from Jerusalem, neither what events 
occurred during their absence or after their re- 
turn, until the sudden appearance of Saul amongst 
them, and the result of his " speaking boldly in 
the name of the Lord Jesus, and disputing with 
the Grecians." But though we have no account 
of this, we read that the departure of Saul was fol- 
lowed by that of Peter; who, in his zeal to bring 
others into the fold of his Heavenly Master, as well 
as to strengthen those of his brethren who had 
already been converted, went forth and traversed 
all quarters of the land of Palestine. Amongst 
other places he visited Lydda, where there was 
already a congregation of believers. Lydda is 
situated at about two-thirds of the distance be- 
tween Jerusalem and Joppa. It was called Dios- 
polis, or the City of Jupiter, by the Greeks, and 
was an exceedingly learned and celebrated place, 
contiguous to the rich and pleasant district of 
Sarori, which lay between it and the nearest sea- 
port town to Jerusalem and Joppa. In this place 
was laid a suffering child of mortality, by name 
Eneas, who had been confined to his bed eight 
years sick with the palsy. In the exercise of the 
gift of the Spirit, which enabled the Apostles to 
work miracles, Peter spake to him in the name of 
Jesus Christ, and he who was bed-ridden and 



HEALS EXEAS. 89 

palsied arose from his sick prison, active and 
whole. The same Spirit which eight years before 
had caused one who had been a cripple from his 
mothers womb, at the Beautiful Gate of the 
Temple at Jerusalem, to leap up, and stand, and 
walk, by the word of Peter and John, now at 
Lydda, by the word of the same Peter, restored 
strength and soundness to one sick of the palsy. 
And, as in the former instance, many who beheld 
the miracle were convinced of the truth of the 
Holy Child Jesus, and became his followers, so in 
this " all that dwelt in Lydda and Saron saw him 
that was healed, and turned unto the Lord." 

Whilst the Apostle was sojourning at Lydda, 
an event had occurred at Joppa which affected 
with grief the Christians residing in that place. 
There had lived amongst them one eminent for 
works of charity and deeds of love. Her name 
was Tabitha, or Dorcas. This woman, of whom 
it is recorded she " was full of good works and 
alms-deeds which she did," fell sick and died; 
and her death was greatly lamented by the people. 
The report of Peter's being at the neighbouring 
town of Lydda, and of the miracle he had wrought 
there, reached the mourners in their affliction, 
who sent two of their company to intreat him 
without delay to come to them. There was no 
backwardness in the Apostle. The example of 



90 DORCAS IS RAISED. 

his Heavenly Master, under similar circumstances, 
had often drawn forth his admiration, and the 
words which had been addressed to himself by 
the lake of Tiberias, when he received his re- 
instation to the apostolic office, which he had lost 
by his denial of his Master on the eve of the 
crucifixion, burned within his breast, to feed his 
lambs, and made him desirous to weep with them 
who wept, and rejoice with those who joyed. He 
went down. A mournful but interesting group — 
for real sorrow is always interesting — presented 
itself to his notice in the upper room, where the 
honoured dead was laid. 

It is some encouragement to those who strive 
in their earthly pilgrimage to lessen the burdens 
and relieve the distresses of others, to know that 
their labours of love will be had in remembrance 
by those who have shared in their beneficence, 
when they nave rested from their labours. Dorcas 
was no more, but her bier was surrounded by the 
widows whom she had comforted, and the naked 
whom she had clothed. How different was the 
conduct of this group from that which thronged 
the death-chamber of the youthful daughter of 
Jairus ! In one were confusion and tumult ; in 
the other, grateful affection and decent sorrow. 
And as the Saviour put forth the minstrels who 
made the throng and tumult, so now the Apostle 



JOPPA. 91 

put forth those who were weeping round the dead, 
that, as Elishawith the Shunammite's son, (2 Kings 
iv. 33,) he might be alone from human observa- 
tion, but not sequestered from, nor without power 
from heaven. He kneeled down, he prayed, and 
his prayer was heard ; for when he turned towards 
" the body and said, Tabitha, arise ! " the dead 
" opened her eyes, and seeing Peter, she sat up." 
The command had gone forth, Return; and the 
spirit, which had lately left its frail but beauteous 
tenement, did return to animate again the earthly 
body. Glad was the sound which proclaimed to 
the saints, and widows, and necessitous, that 
their benevolent friend was again alive, to be to 
them as she had already been, active to relieve 
their wants and compassionate their sorrows ; and 
full of power was the lesson taught by this mi- 
racle to the inhabitants of Joppa and its neigh- 
bourhood, many of whom henceforth believed in 
the Lord. Joppa is called, in the Old Testament, 
Japho, belonging to the tribe of Dan, and was 
celebrated for being the place whence the materials 
for the building of Solomon's Temple were con- 
veyed to Jerusalem. It is now called Jaffa, a 
town rendered notorious by the conduct of Na- 
poleon Buonaparte. 

Honoured as the Apostle must have been 
amongst them, as the instrument of God for the 



92 SIMON, A TANNER. 

good of his creatures, we do not find him puffed 
up by presumption nor vain in his own strength ; 
for it is related of him, that his tarrying at Joppa 
was in the house of one Simon, a tanner. It is 
not for nothing that this, to us apparently trivial, 
circumstance is recorded. Ths trade of tanner 
was held in so great contempt among the Jews, 
that the omitting to mention it before marriage 
rendered the marriage void. When, therefore, 
we read of Peter's residence in the house of a 
tanner, we are admonished of his humility, which, 
even at a period when he was held in the highest 
honour and esteem, led him to cast aside all proud 
distinctions, and, like his lowly Master, to seek to 
dwell with the despised ones of the earth. 

The fire of the first general persecution had 
been now kept alive for five years ; and although 
much of its intensity had abated by the conver- 
sion of Saul, it did not become extinguished until 
after Peter's visit to Joppa. About that time was 
issued the nefarious edict of Caligula, through 
his deputy Petronius, which turned the attention 
of the Jews from the sect of the Nazarenes, to the 
expression of their universal hatred and abhor- 
rence of the profanation threatened against their 
Temple. The edict was, to place the statue of the 
Roman Emperor in the Holy of Holies — an abo- 
mination which excited the most earnest depre- 



END OF FIRST GENERAL PERSECUTION. 93 

cation of the people, and their most urgent so- 
licitations for its avoidance. Thus the Roman 
power which they had used as an instrument to 
effect the crucifixion of Jesus Christ became, in 
turn, their plague, and under Providence the 
means of staying, however unintentionally, the 
lirst general or Jewish persecution, (a.d. 40.) 

The cessation of this fiery trial was followed by 
a beautiful calm, in which, like a tree planted by 
the watercourses, the Church of Christ flourished 
luxuriantly. It was no longer, as at the com- 
mencement of the persecution, limited to Jeru- 
salem. The grain of mustard had taken root, 
and was now spreading its branches far and wide, 
becoming a tree planted for the healing of the 
nations. Well might the sacred historian thus 
speak of the peace, prosperity, and character of 
the Gospel Church : — " Then had the Churches 
rest throughout all Judea, and Galilee, and Sa- 
maria, and were edified ; and walking in the fear 
of the Lord, and in the comfort of the Holy 
Ghost, were multiplied." 



CHAPTER IX. 

a.d. 40-42. 

ACTS X. XI. to 25. 

The Conversion of the Devout Gentiles, or Proselytes of the 
Gate, by Peter at Csesarea. — Reception of the Gentiles at 
Antioch. — The Mission of Barnabas. — Saul accompanies 
him from Tarsus to Antioch, where the Disciples are first 
called Christians. 

The cessation of the first general persecution 
was followed by another and very important epoch 
in the infant Church of Christ, which, for the 
last five or six years, had gone on in defiance of 
the most violent opposition, increasing in numbers 
and developing as well the purity of its doctrines 
as the frame-work of its building. The descent 
of the Holy Spirit had stamped it with a divine 
authority, and filled its appointed agents with 
power and wisdom equal to all exigencies, and 
sufficient for all things necessary to its complete 
edification, as a perfect system of faith, adequate 
in its means of grace to fit and prepare the fallen 
race of man, by its adaptation and practice, for 
the unspeakable glories of heaven. The appoint- 
ment of Deacons next serves as an index to the 



DEGREES IN THE CHURCH. 95 

mode of its government and constitution of its 
officers ; whilst the mission of Peter and John, by 
direction of the other Apostles, to Samaria, to 
confirm the disciples who had been converted by 
the ministry of Philip, evinces their order as su- 
perior to that of the Deacons, and thus establishes 
the fact of a diversity of rank and order in the 
Christian ministry. 

The calling of Saul is another remarkable in- 
cident in the History of the Church ; whilst the 
preaching of Philip and others, and especially Peter, 
in the provinces of Judea, indicates the diffusion of 
the Gospel, according to the prediction of its Divine 
Author. The Gospel was first preached in Jeru- 
salem, then in Samaria, and next in the Provinces. 
To the people, therefore, of the land of promise 
the message of glad tidings was still limited. 
The time was now drawing nigh when the name 
of the Son of David, who, in his descent from 
Ruth, a woman of Moab, united in one lineage 
both Jew and Gentile, was to be made known, not 
only to the race of Abraham, but to those who 
hitherto had been strangers to the commonwealth 
of Israel. Yet even in this there is a gradation 
of means set forth. The offer of salvation having 
been progressively made to the dwellers of Jeru- 
salem, the people of Samaria, and to those scat- 
tered throughout the provinces, was now to be 



96 PROSELYTES OF THE GATE. 

made to the Gentiles, but not at first to the whole 
body indiscriminately. 

There was a class of persons holding an inter- 
mediate station between the circumcised Jew and 
uncircumcised Gentile, who were called proselytes 
and devout men; and these were found not only in 
Jerusalem, but in every place where Jews resided. 
Amongst these we read of one Cornelius, a cen- 
turion of the band called the Italian band, or co- 
hort, which probably served as the life-guard of 
the Roman governor. He was " a devout man, 
and one that feared God with all his house, and 
gave much alms to the people, and prayed to God 
always;" a description which corresponds with 
that of the proselytes of the gate — persons who, 
though not embracing the whole of the Mosaic 
Law, for they were not circumcised, were never- 
theless allowed not only to dwell with Jews, but 
worship in the outer court of the Temple. Cor- 
nelius dwelt at Csesarea, the seat of the Roman 
government in Judea, so called from a magni- 
ficent temple built there by Herod the Great, 
dedicated to Augustus Caesar, his patron ; in com- 
pliment of whom, also, he had given the name of 
Sebaste (the August) to another city. 

To this devout centurion a revelation was made, 
probably at the time when he was offering the 
evening sacrifice; for we read that it was the 



CORNELIUS. 97 

ninth hour of the day, that is about three o'clock 
of the afternoon of our time, the hour of the 
Jewish vespers. The purport of this revelation 
was not only to inform him that his prayers and 
alms had come up as a memorial before God, but 
to direct him to send to Joppa to make inquiry 
for one Peter, who was lodging with one Simon, 
a tanner, in that place. Obedient to this direc- 
tion he called two of his household servants to- 
gether, with a devout soldier who constantly 
waited upon him, and having informed them of 
all that had happened to him, he despatched them 
to Joppa. On the following day about noon, the 
sixth hour of the Jewish day, Peter having, ac- 
cording to his custom, gone up upon the house- 
top to pray, fell into a trance. At this time the 
messengers of Cornelius were drawing nigh to 
the city. In this trance he saw a vision, which 
conveyed to him, by a symbolical representation 
thrice repeated, and suited to his present circum- 
stances, an intimation that to the Gentiles also, 
henceforth was to be preached the Gospel of Jesus 
Christ. He had not recovered from the state of 
doubt as to the meaning of what he had seen, 
before the messengers of Cornelius arrived and 
inquired for him. Descending from the roof, or 
flat part of the house, by the monition of the 
Holy Spirit, he found the men, who declared to 

H 



98 SAINT PETER VISITS CORNELIUS. 

him the object of their mission. Having received 
them with hospitality, he accompanied them on 
the following day to Csesarea, attended by certain 
brethren from Joppa. 

His entrance into the house of Cornelius was 
the first evidence of the effect of the vision upon 
Peter's changed views; for hitherto, as a Jew 
bound by the Mosaic Law, he was restrained 
from entering into the house of a Heathen or 
Gentile. When, therefore, he entered the house 
of Cornelius, and conversed with him, he gave 
a proof of the effect of the vision upon his heart 
and conduct ; it was the first practical intimation 
of the breaking down of the middle wall of par- 
tition, and of the introduction of the universal 
working of that Gospel of peace, which was to 
be preached to all nations and to every creature. 
This purpose of Almighty God, which had been 
shadowed out by miracles, and prophecies, and signs 
both in heaven and in earth, was now beginning 
to be more plainly revealed ; for already had the 
sign been given, not only of the redemption of all 
men by the atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ, but 
of the means of salvation both to Jew and Gen- 
tile, through the instrumentality of preaching. 

In the patriarchal ages we read of Abimelech 
and others, not of the chosen seed, " who feared 
God and worked righteousness." Under the 



EFFECT OF HIS VISIT. 99 

Mosaic dispensation, not only were those who 
were strangers in the land allowed to dwell in 
Judea, but they were permitted to worship also 
in the outer court of the Temple. Naaman the 
Syrian, and therefore a Gentile, was cleansed from 
his leprosy ; the Shunamitish woman had her son 
restored to life ; and the woman of Canaan, the 
Roman centurion, and others who were Gentiles, 
were made recipients of the Saviour's compas- 
sionate power to heal and save. These were signs 
that Jehovah was the God, and Jesus Christ the 
Redeemer, not of the Jews only but of the Gen- 
tiles also. 

It required, however, the interference of a 
miraculous influence to enlighten the minds even 
of the Apostles in respect of this great truth; 
and not before a double revelation had been made, 
coincident in signification and co-operative in 
effect, did Peter publish the declaration of the 
abolition of exclusiveness in respect of the dis- 
pensation of grace ; and that, as the sun in the 
natural world goes forth to carry light to all 
nations, so the Sun of Righteousness was now 
risen, not only to throw the influence of his glory 
over Israel, but to diffuse the brightness of his 
shining over the Gentiles, and those who hitherto 
had sat in the darkness of the shadow of death. 
Nor was the evidence of this important and in- 



100 CONVERSION OF THE DEVOUT GENTILES. 

teresting fact confined to the expression of words ; 
but as Peter spake and made it known, a confir- 
mation of it was given by the descent of the Holy 
Ghost upon Cornelius and all who heard the word. 

Thus, as at Pentecost, the Holy Spirit de- 
scended upon the immediate followers of Jesus, 
the lately crucified and risen Saviour, and filled 
them with the gift of tongues ; so now at Csssarea, 
the seat of the Roman power in Judea, the same 
Holy Spirit came down upon the Gentiles, and 
enabled them " to speak with tongues, and mag- 
nify God." How exact and beautiful is this 
coincidence ! How plainly does it intimate that 
He, who blessed the chosen seed with his favour- 
ing protection, was not unmindful of the rest of 
the race of Adam, but that as He was the Creator, 
so also was He the Redeemer of all men. Another 
matter worthy of remark is recorded also in the 
account of the first-fruits of the Gentiles gathered 
into the Christian Church. 

On Cornelius and his friends was poured out 
the gift of the Holy Ghost; but admission into 
the Church of Christ, or his kingdom on earth, 
had been appointed by the Saviour to be not by 
the Spirit only, but water and the Spirit. The 
outward sign, therefore, was still wanting to them ; 
the mode of admission appointed by the Saviour 
was necessary to be observed. It had been the 



THEY ARE BAPTIZED. 101 

same with Saul on his conversion, and with all 
others, however miraculously called from dark- 
ness to light. Peter, therefore, remembering this, 
and " the word of the Lord, how that he said, 
John indeed baptized with water, but ye shall be 
baptized with the Holy Ghost," required that the 
newly enlightened Gentiles should be baptized, 
according to his Divine Master's intimation to 
Nicodemus, and* direct charge to himself and the 
other Apostles. 

This conversion (a.d. 40) forms another im- 
portant epoch in the history of the Christian 
Church. It went far to dissolve the peculiarity 
of the claims of the Jews, to be considered ex- 
clusive partakers of the favour of God. But 
remarkable and significant as it was, there were 
yet at Jerusalem persons, even among those who 
were in close communion with the Church in 
that city, who contended with Peter for what he 
had done, accusing him, on his return from 
Csesarea, after an absence of three years from 
Jerusalem, of inconsistency for eating with the 
Gentiles. This charge, however groundless and 
savouring of the exclusiveness of the Old Law, 
must be accepted as an evidence, that the pri- 
mitive Christians did not look upon Peter either 
as impeccable or as their absolute superior ; whilst 
the readiness with which he availed himself of 



102 FURTHER EXTENSION OF THE GOSPEL. 

the opportunity, not only of vindicating his own 
conduct, but of declaring publicly and before them 
all the opening of the door of salvation to the 
uncircumcised, shews that he arrogated not to 
himself any supremacy over others. His defence 
was so satisfactory in allaying the scruples of all 
who heard him, that " they held their peace, and 
glorified God, saying, Then hath God also to the 
Gentiles granted repentance unto life."" 

Nor was the effect of Peter's vision, and the 
subsequent events in Csesarea, confined to the 
brethren at Jerusalem ; it had its influence upon 
those who had been scattered abroad in the first 
general or Jewish persecution, and had gone from 
place to place " preaching the word to none but 
unto the Jews only." After having traversed 
Judea and Samaria, some of them had travelled 
as far as Phenicia, a district to the north of Judea; 
others to Cyprus, a large island in the part of the 
Mediterranean Sea called the Levant ; and others 
to Antioch, the capital of Syria, and the third 
city of the Roman empire. The latter were men 
of Cyprus and Cyrene, a district in Africa. As 
soon as they heard of the admission of the 
Roman Gentiles at Csesarea into the Church by 
Peter, they followed his example, and at Antioch 
(a.d. 41) began to " preach the Lord Jesus unto 
the Grecians;" and great effect attended their 



BARNABAS SENT TO ANTIOCH. 103 

preaching, for " the hand of the Lord was with 
them ; and a great number believed, and turned 
unto the Lord." 

The report of this second instance of the 
preaching of the Gospel to the Gentiles reached 
the Church at Jerusalem ; and as its rulers had, 
on occasion of the conversion of the Samaritans 
by Philip, deputed Peter and John to go and 
confirm the new disciples, so did they now send 
Barnabas to Antioch to ascertain the truth of this 
report, and encourage the converts to persevere 
in the good work which had been so happily 
begun among them. His visit was not without 
joy to himself nor fruit to the Church; for so 
judiciously, and temperately, and persuasively 
did he discharge his mission, that " much people 
was added unto the Lord." 

This occupied him some time. Barnabas, we 
must remember, was he who sold a possession 
which he had in Cyprus, and laid the proceeds of 
it at the Apostles' feet. He introduced Saul to the 
Church at Jerusalem, and is reported of as " a 
good man, and full of the Holy Ghost and faith." 
It appears that whilst he was at Antioch he re- 
called to his mind the various eminent quali- 
fications of Saul, which might render him a most 
efficient coadjutor in the work he had now in 
hand. Accordingly (a.d. 42) he set out for 



104 THE DISCIPLES FIRST CALLED CHRISTIANS. 

Tarsus, where Saul had been stationed ever since 
his flight from Jerusalem four years before, and 
" when he had found him he brought him unto 
Antioch." There they remained together for a 
whole year, strenuously exerting themselves in 
the cause of their Divine Master. They not 
only " assembled themselves with the Church, 
but taught much people;" and they so con- 
ducted themselves and preached Christ as the 
Redeemer of all men, shewing his Gospel to be 
designed for the reception and benefit of all, 
without distinction of family or nation, that they 
who had hitherto by their enemies been desig- 
nated, by way of reproach, Nazarenes, or Galileans, 
or the men of this way or sect, and by themselves 
saints, disciples, believers, and the church, by 
divine intimation received a designation which 
both pointed out their divine origin, and links 
them, as well in profession as name, with that of 
Him " of whom all the family in heaven and 
earth are named." "The Disciples were called 
Christians first in Antioch." (a.d. 42.) 



CHAPTER X. 

t 

a. p. 43-45. 

ACTS XII. 

The Herodian Persecution. — -Martyrdom of Saint James.™ 
The Dispersion of the Apostles. — The Deliverance of 
Peter. — The Gospel of St. Mark. — Paul and Barnabas at 
Jerusalem. — The Death of Herod Paul's Divine Ap- 
pointment to be Apostle — His return to Antioch, accom- 
panied by Barnabas and Mark. 

For a space of about three years the Church had 
enjoyed rest from persecution, during which period 
the door of salvation had been opened to the de- 
vout Gentiles both in Judea and in Asia. The 
spirit of persecution, however, had but slumbered, 
soon to be revived with renewed vigour. Jewish 
intolerance waited but the means and opportunity 
of exercising its unhallowed spirit, and both these 
were afforded to it in the beginning of the reign 
of Claudius Csesar at Rome, and Herod Agrippa 
in Judea. 

Herod Agrippa was the son of Aristobulus, and 
grandson of Herod the Great. He was accord- 
ingly nephew to Herod Antipas, who put John 
the Baptist to death, and brother of Herodias, 



106 HEROD THE KING. 

whom that incestuous and bloody tetrarch had 
married. In early life his intimacy with Caius 
Caligula had so offended the Emperor Tiberius, 
that he caused him to be imprisoned. On the 
death of the emperor, his friend released him from 
prison, and with the title of king conferred upon 
him the tetrarchy of his uncle Philip, and after- 
wards, on the banishment of his uncle Antipas, 
added to him his territories. On the death of 
Caligula, the Emperor Claudius, who succeeded 
to the imperial purple, not only confirmed 
Agrippa in his government, but added to it the 
province which had been governed by Lysanias, 
with the title of King of Judea. His character is 
thus drawn by the Jewish historian Josephus : — 
u He was a great zealot for the Mosaic Law, 
dwelling much at Jerusalem ; and he was fond of 
all opportunities of obliging the Jews, as his grand- 
father Herod had been of pleasing strangers." 

Following, therefore, the cruel disposition of 
his family, and his desire to render himself po- 
pular amongst the Jews, he commenced a perse- 
cution, of the Christians : " He stretched forth his 
hands to vex certain of the Church." The con- 
sequence of this persecution was the dispersion 
of the Apostles, and the slaughter of James the 
brother of John, who at this time found the truth 
of his Master's prophetic declaration (Matt. xx. 



ST. JAMES THE FIRST APOSTOLIC MARTYR. 107 

23), that "he should drink of His cup, and be 
baptized with His baptism." 

In the former persecution which followed the 
death of Stephen, the Apostles had remained in 
the Holy City; and the affairs of the Church 
were under their joint management and superin- 
tendence. The time had not then come for their 
going forth into the world to " preach the Gospel 
to every creature." 

Events had since occurred which shewed that 
their presence was no longer needed exclusively 
at Jerusalem, but they must set about fulfilling 
that part of their commission which directed them 
to " Go and teach all nations." And as on the 
former occasion the dispersion of the Disciples 
had redounded to the glory of their Master, by 
the conversion of many, so the departure of the 
Apostles was about to diffuse still more exten- 
sively that Gospel, of which they were the ap- 
pointed stewards and ministers. The sword of 
persecution had before been glutted in the blood 
of common disciples; it now sought out nobler 
victims. Herod slew James the brother of John 
with the sword, as an enemy of the Roman power 
and obnoxious to the Mosaic Law. James, there- 
fore, was the first of the Apostles, as Stephen was 
of the Disciples, who followed their Master unto 
death. That the Jews found pleasure in this 



108 IMPRISONMENT OF SAINT PETER. 

demolition of one of the pillars of the Christian 
Church, in this slaughter of one of the three 
most intimate of the Disciples of Jesus of Na- 
zareth, who with his brother shared the name of 
Boanerges, the sons of thunder, is evident from 
the further progress of Herod's proceedings. He 
had been successful in his attempt upon one of 
the chief Apostles, and no mark of divine dis- 
pleasure had followed the murder. He next pro- 
ceeded to lay hands upon Peter, who had been so 
distinguished for his zeal and manifestation of 
the power of working miracles, impiously im- 
agining if he were successful on him, his triumph 
over Jesus of Nazareth would be complete, and 
that pestilential heresy would be for ever de- 
stroyed. Having therefore seized Peter, he shut 
him up in prison under the keeping of sixteen 
soldiers. These were divided into fours, called 
quaternions, one of which kept watch, and was 
relieved in succession by the others. To two of 
each watch was the Apostle bound, for the custom 
was to fetter each arm of the prisoner and chain 
it to a guard. The purpose of Herod was not to 
put him immediately to death, but to reserve 
him for a public spectacle, to gratify the bloody 
passions of the people. 

The time of Peter's apprehension was at the 
Feast of Unleavened Bread, that period of the 



DELIVERED BY AN ANGEL. 109 

year answering in the Christian Church to the 
season of Easter, in which, fourteen years before, 
his Divine Master had been betrayed and cru- 
cified ; that is, after the celebration of the Pass- 
over. The expiration of that season was ap- 
pointed for his public execution. But the male- 
volence of man was prevented by the gracious 
interposition of God, who heard the unceasing 
prayer of the Church made in his behalf. On 
the very night before the day appointed for his 
martyrdom, was sent the Angel of the Lord to 
deliver him. Heavily was he bound; closely 
was he watched. On either side of him was a 
soldier; before the prison door stood the two 
watchful sentinels ; and a deep gloom enveloped 
the dungeon. Suddenly a supernatural light 
shone forth : the prisoner's sleep is disturbed by 
a blow from the angelic messenger, and a voice 
is heard, commanding him to arise up quickly. 
The chains fall from his arms, and he hears a 
further command to gird himself, and bind on 
his sandals, and cast his garment about him, and 
follow. There was no trepidation or confusion ; 
all was quietly and regularly done as commanded : 
yet neither were the soldiers awoke from their 
sleep, nor was Peter entirely conscious of what 
was taking place, for he thought he saw a vision # 
In this state of mind he followed the angel past 



110 saint peter's deliverance. 

the first and second ward, until they came to the 
outer iron gate that leadeth into the city. But 
that was no obstacle to their passing out, for 
spontaneously it opened at their approach. The 
same power which had loosened the fetters caused 
the iron gate to "open to them of its own accord." 
Having passed along through one street to 
some distance from the prison, the angel vanished 
from the sight of the astonished Apostle, who, 
after a short suspense, coming to himself and 
finding where he was, became conscious of what 
had taken place. Then, after some consideration 
whither to betake himself, he proceeded to the 
house of Mary the mother of John Mark ; which 
appears to have been a rendezvous of the faithful, 
for there he found many assembled praying to- 
gether for his deliverance. So hopeless were they, 
that with difficulty they believed the report of the 
damsel who waited at the outer gate, that Peter 
stood there knocking. At length when they 
opened the gate and saw him, indeed, standing 
before it, they were filled with astonishment. To 
them the Apostle declared the manner of his 
deliverance, and gave direction that they should 
report it unto James and the brethren. This was 
James, called the brother of our Lord, who was 
appointed head of the Church at Jerusalem at 
at this time, when the dispersion of the Apostles, 



FLIGHT FROM JERUSALEM. Ill 

who had hitherto conjointly superintended it, 
rendered such an appointment necessary. To 
him, therefore, as the overseer or bishop of the 
Christian Church at Jerusalem, Peter directs the 
message of his deliverance to be reported. It 
does not appear how long he remained there after 
his escape from prison, but it is a fair presump- 
tion that he lost no time in quitting Jerusalem, 
for the rage of Herod knew no bounds w^hen he 
discovered what had taken place ; and certain it 
is, that he who caused the guards, who were his 
own soldiers, to be put to death, would not have 
spared him whose escape had so signally baffled his 
scheme of popular cruelty. The sacred historian 
has not recorded to what place Peter betook 
himself for safety. 

There are many and conflicting conjectures, 
but the most probable one is that during the re- 
mainder of the Herodian persecution he sojourned 
at Rome, where he would be protected from the 
vengeance of Herod, as well because of the favour 
he might derive from the influence of Cornelius, 
as from the general polity of the Roman govern- 
ment. He was accompanied by John, surnamed 
Mark. Nor was he entirely inactive during 
that sojourn; not that he planted a Church 
at Rome, as some vainly pretend; but he ap- 
pears to have dictated to his companion that nar- 



112 SAINT MARK, WRITES HIS GOSPEL. 

rative of the life and teaching of Jesus Christ 
which bears the title of the Gospel of St. Mark. 
That Gospel bears evident traces of Roman cha- 
racters, and is remarkable for the omission of 
various circumstances nearly affecting the honour 
of Peter, and for the introduction of others which 
record his weaknesses and shame. As, therefore, 
the Gospel of St. Matthew was written during 
the first persecution (a.d. 38), for the benefit of 
the Jewish converts, to whom alone the word had 
then been preached; so now, in the second or 
Herodian persecution (a.d. 43), when to the de- 
vout Gentiles also the message of salvation had 
been spread by Peter, under his guidance and 
dictation was published for the use of the Romans, 
the masters of the heathen world, and of whom 
was Cornelius, the first-fruits of Gentile conver- 
sion, the Gospel oe St. Mark. 

The reign of Claudius Csesar was remarkable 
for a series of famine in various parts of the world. 
A prophecy of this was given by Agabus, who was 
one of the prophets who had gone down about this 
time from Jerusalem to Antioch. Admonished by 
his warning, the Christians who dwelt in Antioch 
contributed according to their means, in order that 
they might be able to send relief to their brethren 
in Judea. Accordingly (a.d. 44) they appointed 
Barnabas and Saul to be messengers of their bounty. 



HEROD AGRIPPA. 113 

In his Epistle to the Galatians (i. 19), St. 
Paul tells us that he then saw none of the 
Apostles, save James the Lord's brother, who, as 
we have seen, had been appointed head of the 
Church in Jerusalem on the dispersion of the 
other Apostles by the Herodian persecution. 

This year (a.d. 44) is remarkable for the death 
of Herod Agrippa. The reign of his cruelty was 
soon cut short. After the flight of Peter he 
quitted Jerusalem for Csesarea, the metropolis of 
the Roman power in Judea, for the purpose pf 
celebrating games in honour of his patron 
Claudius. At this place, and on that occasion, 
he received an embassy from the people of Tyre 
and Sidon, who having incurred his displeasure 
came to sue for peace. Arrayed in gorgeous 
robes, which according to Josephus, from their 
splendour, afforded an opportunity to his syco- 
phants to compliment him as a Deity, and seated 
on his throne, he harangued the embassy with 
such eloquence that the people flattered his pride 
by comparing his voice to that of a God. Gross 
as was the sycophancy, and impious the com- 
parison, he yet received them as truth, and be- 
came vainly puffed up in his ambitious heart. 
But the swelling pride had no sooner taken pos- 
session of his thoughts, than there came a wither- 
ing blight. The Assyrian monarch in his hour 

i 



114 DEATH OF HEROD AGRIPPA. 

of festal grandeur beheld the warning writing, 
which told him of the impending ruin of himself 
and kingdom ; and Herod was struck in the mo- 
ment of his impious vanity with a mortal disease, 
so that he was carried out of the assembly, in 
which he had been deified, writhing with torture. 
He, the cruel persecutor, whose sword was wet 
with the blood of martyrs — he, whose baffled 
cruelty was savagely avenged on his own soldiers, 
died a painful and humiliating death; which 
served to shew in its strongest colours the con- 
trast of selfish exaltation with mortal weakness : 
" he was eaten up by worms." The portion of 
the dead became his in life. Worms that fatten 
on corruption in the grave, banqueted on the 
living body until it became a loathsome carcase. 
His death stayed the persecution (a.d. 44) : and 
again " the word of God grew and multiplied." 

It was in the following year (a.d. 45) that Saul, 
during his sojourn in the Holy City, on his mis- 
sion with the charitable gifts from Antioch, was 
favoured with a vision whilst praying in the 
Temple, in which was conveyed to him from God, 
(2 Cor. xii. 2 ; Acts xxii. 17-22,) an intimation 
of his future scenes of usefulness among the Gen- 
tiles. It might be that he was purposing to tarry 
in Jerusalem, filled with a desire of converting 
its inhabitants, and bringing them to the know- 



SAUL LEAVES JERUSALEM. 115 

ledge of that truth against which he had formerly 
been so bitter an enemy, but of which he had 
now become a most zealous and powerful advo- 
cate. The vision dissolved such hopes, if he had 
ever entertained them, and sent him back to 
Antioch with an appointment to the Apostolic 
office, not from man but from Christ himself. 
He, therefore, departed from Jerusalem a second 
time, accompanied by Barnabas and John Mark, 
who also had in the interval returned from Rome, 
to which city it is supposed he accompanied 
Peter in his flight, and where under his dictation 
he wrote the Gospel which bears his name. The 
death of Herod and the consequent staying of the 
persecution might have induced him to return to 
the Holy City; from which he was taken by Saul 
and Barnabas, to be their companion in the mis- 
sion, which they were about to undertake for the 
further progress of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. 



CHAPTER XI. 

a.d. 45-48. 

ACTS XIII. XIV. 

Antioch in Syria. — The Mission of Barnabas and Saul. — 
Seleucia, Salamis, Paphos. — The Conversion of Sergius 
Paulus, the first Idolatrous Convert. — Paul. — Perga in 
Pamphylia. — Antioch in Pisidia. — Iconium, Lystra, Derbe, 
in Lycaonia. — Paul and Barnabas return. — Attalia in 
Pamphylia. — Completion of the First Evangelical Journey. 

The Church at Antioch appears to have been at 
this period numerous and blessed with several dis- 
tinguished characters. It was the scene of many 
important events, and from it went forth many of 
those Missions of Grace which spread abroad the 
message of glad tidings, and brought many from 
the wilderness of darkness to the glorious light of 
salvation and truth. It was at Antioch the Dis- 
ciples were first called Christians. It was from 
Antioch Saul was sent forth as an accredited 
Apostle. He had hitherto preached in the syna- 
gogues by right alone of his original appointment 
among the Jews as a teacher — so that hitherto he 
may be regarded as inferior to the other Apostles, 



SAUL AN APOSTLE. 117 

who had derived their commission from Christ 
himself. During, however, his last sojourn in 
Jerusalem that inferiority had been removed, by 
his having received, whilst in a trance in the 
Temple, a direct commission from heaven, which 
placed him upon a level with " the chiefest of the 
Apostles." This divine appointment was outwardly 
confirmed amongst men, by the Church at Antioch 
acting under the immediate direction of the Holy 
Ghost. For although he needed not such confir- 
mation from men, yet we must consider that the 
Most High God, in all his dispensations of the 
means of grace for the benefit of his fallen crea- 
tures, not only adapts the means to human com- 
prehension, but requires that they shall be con- 
ducted by human agency according to rules of 
his own appointment, suited to the peculiar cir- 
cumstances of his people. Hence, although Saul 
had been converted by a peculiar miracle — had 
three years given him for meditation and conceal- 
ment — and had derived his appointment to the 
apostolic office by an express revelation from 
heaven, yet he went not forth as an Apostle — the 
Apostle of the Gentiles — until he had also ob- 
tained the sanction of the Church to which he 
had attached himself, and received from it, to- 
gether with Barnabas, the commission to perform 
the work whereunto they had been called by the 



118 ANTIOCH IN SYRIA. 

Holy Spirit. He was ordained, therefore, by the 
Church at Antioch as its Apostle to the Gentiles, 
as well in conformity with the institution already 
established, as that this outward commission, 
from so distinguished a place, might impart an 
authority to him in the estimation of those, with 
whom he was hereafter about to be engaged in 
the holy work of the ministry. 

Antioch was the capital of Syria, a country 
held in estimation by the Jews, as occupying a 
kind of middle position between the impurity of 
Gentile nations and the believers of their own 
chosen land. Built by Seleucus, the conqueror, 
one of the most successful of the generals of 
Alexander the Great, but who, nevertheless, in 
the pride of success was assassinated by his ally 
Keraunus (b.c. 280), it was greatly celebrated for 
its strength, and the number of Jews who resided 
in it and had a famous school of learning there. 
It was distant about twelve miles from the sea; 
and was altogether very favourably situated to be 
the centre of those labours, by which Saul and 
Barnabas made known the way of life to so many 
nations of the earth. 

From this place they went forth to conquer 
the strongholds of Satan, not, indeed, like Alex- 
ander and Seleucus, for "the weapons of their 
warfare were not carnal :" and the first place they 



SALAMIS AND PAPHOS. 119 

visited on this their first apostolical journey was 
Seleucia, a port of some importance in the Medi- 
terranean Sea ; from which they sailed over to Cy- 
prus, an island memorable in profane history, as 
being supposed to be the peculiar residence of the 
goddess Venus. At Salamis, a town built by the 
exile Teucer in the eastern point of the island, 
and therefore lying nearest to the point of the 
main land from which they had sailed, "they 
preached the Word of God in the synagogues of 
the Jews," having John Mark also for their mi- 
nister. They then proceeded throughout the 
island until they came to Paphos on the western 
coast, where they fell in with a celebrated im- 
postor named Bar-jesus or Elymas, a Jew, who 
pretended to sorcery, in the suite of the Homan 
deputy Sergius Paulus. The deputy is repre- 
sented as being a prudent man, w T ho, having heard 
of the arrival of the Apostles, sent for them in 
order that he might have an opportunity of hear- 
ing the Word of God. His purpose alarmed the 
fears of the sorcerer, lest his imposition should be 
detected, and he himself exposed to disgrace and 
shame. Accordingly he interposed his influence 
to prevent the deputy from listening to their 
preaching ; but his attempt failed, for when they 
had been admitted into his presence, Saul, di- 
rected by the Holy Spirit, denounced his impos- 



120 SAUl/s FIRST MIRACLE. 

ture and iniquities, and proclaimed upon him 
the sentence of temporary blindness, which was 
immediately executed. The sight of this miracle 
so wrought upon the heart of the deputy, already 
inclined to seek for instruction, that, a astonished 
at the doctrine of the Lord, he believed." He 
was the first of the pagan or idolatrous Gentiles, 
who turned from idols to serve the living God. 

As Cornelius, the devout centurion, was the 
first among Gentile proselytes to admit the truth 
of the Gospel at Csesarea, the seat of the Roman 
empire in Judea, so Sergius Paulus the Roman 
proconsul of Cyprus, the island of Idaean Jove and 
the Paphian Venus, was the first among Gentile 
idolaters to receive the message of glad tidings, 
and become a follower of Him, whom fifteen years 
before Pontius Pilate had tamely given up, in 
spite of his own conviction of his innocency, to the 
Jews to be crucified. 

The conversion of this governor completes the 
series of steps in the publication of the Gospel, 
and closes the circle which had been appointed 
for the manifestation of Jesus Christ, as the 
Saviour not of the Jews but of the Gentiles also. 
That voice which went forth from his Apostles at 
Jerusalem (a.d. 29), echoed at Samaria by Philip 
(a.d. 34), next listened to in the provinces among 
the Jews (from a.d. 34 to 38), and lastly at 



PAUL AND BARNABAS. 121 

CiEsavea accepted by Cornelius and other devout 
Gentile proselytes of the gate (a.d. 40) , was now 
heard at Paphos (a.d. 45), free from all restric- 
tion, fulfilling the call which appeals to all, who 
died in Adam, to seek for life in Christ. 

This gradation of the preaching of the word 
and the spreading of the truth, forms a striking 
feature in the developing of that purpose of Divine 
Grace, by which " God would have all men to be 
saved, and come to the knowledge of the truth." 
And as the leading converts in this unfolding of 
the divine purpose towards the Gentiles were per- 
sons in exalted stations, a proof was given of his 
wisdom and universal love : of his wisdom, in 
making human power subserve his gracious pur- 
pose, and of his love, in making men of all ranks 
recipients of his bounty. 

Sergius Paulus was the first-fruits of idolatrous 
conversion ; the first-fruits of the exercise of SauTs 
miraculous powers; and from him, triumphant 
victor in the lists of combat, and carrying off as it 
were the spolia opima, he took that, as an earnest of 
future trophies in the Christian warfare, the name 
of his captive, being henceforth called Paulus or 
Paul ; and in all the subsequent narrative of the 
sacred historian, taking precedency of his fellow- 
apostle Barnabas. As a proof of this, we find in the 
next account of their proceedings mention made of 



122 ANTIOCH IN PISIDIA 

" Paul and his company," not as before, of Bar- 
nabas and Saul. 

At the conclusion of this year (a.d. 45) they 
passed from Paphos to Perga, a town in Pam- 
phylia, which is a district of Asia Minor lying 
along the coast of the Mediterranean, to the east 
of Cilicia. At this place their minister John de- 
parted from them, having forsaken them at the 
prospect of the dangers and difficulties which 
awaited their purposed progress. He returned to 
Jerusalem, and is generally supposed, from other 
histories, to have subsequently gone into Africa 
and founded the Church at Alexandria. 

Paul and his company proceeded from Perga to 
Antioch in Pisidia, situated to the north of Pam- 
phylia, and consequently further in the interior 
of the country. Here (a.d. 46), in their syna- 
gogue on the Sabbath-day, Paul preached to the 
Jews and those that feared God, and set before 
them not only the history of the chosen seed, 
which shewed his intimacy with the Jewish Scrip- 
tures, but also the leading events in the life and 
death of Him who was that seed, in whom all the 
nations of the earth were to be blessed. This 
address may be considered as the last direct and 
peculiar appeal, he ever made publicly to his coun- 
trymen the Jews. It displays great devotion to 
their interest, and is a beautiful epitome of the 



RECEIVES THE WORD. 123 

history of their nation and the progress of the 
purpose of the Most High, in setting forth Jesus 
the seed of David to be, according to the promise 
of God, a Saviour unto Israel. Its concluding 
words contain an awful caution. But neither his 
earnestness, nor the statement of historical facts, 
nor arguments drawn from them, nor the mention 
of the sacrifice of the Saviour, nor the warning 
which he so emphatically addressed to them, ap- 
pears to have had a proportionate effect. He was 
requested, indeed, to repeat the same words 
during the week, or on the next Sabbath-day; 
and some there were whose attention had been 
awakened, and in whose hearts an interest had 
been excited, for they followed the Apostles out 
of the synagogue and received encouragement 
from them to " continue in the grace of God." 
Still on the next Sabbath-day, when almost the 
whole city were gathered together to hear them, 
they were not permitted to declare the Word of 
God without molestation. The old leaven of 
Jewish malice was stirred up, and made them 
grudge that the Gentiles should be partakers of 
the grace of God. Accordingly, the Jews endea- 
voured to refute and contradict the teaching and 
doctrine of the Apostles, who, unintimidated by 
their opposition, fearlessly pronounced the sen- 



124 THE APOSTLES, DRIVEN FROM ANTIOCH, 

tence of rejection against the Jews, and the offer- 
ing of the terms of grace to the Gentiles. 

Gladly was this message received by the Gentiles, 
" who glorified the Word of the Lord," for the 
purport of that word so coincided with their dis- 
position of heart and mind, that they readily em- 
braced the offer and enrolled themselves, like well- 
disciplined and faithful soldiers, under the banner 
of the Captain of their salvation. Their example 
was not lost upon others, for not only did they in 
the city believe, who had heard the word preached ; 
but so powerful was the lesson, and so zealous were 
these new recruits of Christianity, that like a con- 
quering army, the Word of the Lord went forth 
throughout all the region, winning new victories 
and greatly augmenting the ranks of Him whose 
banner was set forth as the ensign of the nations. 

But glorious as was this triumph of the faith 
both in Antioch and the surrounding district, the 
evil malice of the Jews stirred them up to use 
their influence with certain persons of distinction 
and authority, by whose interference and the per- 
secution thus excited, Paul and Barnabas were at 
length driven violently away from the scene of 
their faithful zeal and persevering love. In their 
expulsion they remembered the injunction origi- 
nally given to the Twelve by their Master (Mark 



GO TO ICONIUM AND LYSTRA. 125 

vi. 11) — they shook off the dust of their feet as a 
testimony against their oppressors, and passed on 
to Iconiuin, which is situated on the extreme 
borders of Pisidia, Galatia, and Phrygia. 

The abrupt departure of these messengers of 
glad tidings in nowise damped the zeal, or faith 
of their proselytes, for " they were filled with joy, 
and with the Holy Ghost," — neither did it cause 
themselves to relax in the publication of the same 
message in Iconium; in which city, as in Antioch, 
success attended their preaching, so that " a great 
multitude, both of the Jews and also of the 
Greeks, believed." But the same successful 
preaching of the word in Iconium produced the 
same ebullition of malice on the part of the Jews, 
and was attended, after some time, with the same 
result — the expulsion of the Apostles from their 
scene of usefulness, in consequence of an assault 
made upon them both by Jews and Gentiles, 
and the rulers of the city also. Lystra, another 
city of Lycaonia, received them. At this place 
the power of working miracles was again mani- 
fested in behalf of a powerless cripple, who, at the 
command of Paul, stood upright on his feet, and 
leaped, and walked. 

The district which witnessed their present la- 
bours was the scene of the fabulous visit of the 
heathen gods Jupiter and Mercury, before the 

\ 



126 POPULAR ZEAL. 

deluge of Deucalion. The names of Jupiter and 
Mercury were familiar to the people of Lystra, to 
whom the sight of this miracle appears immedi- 
ately to have suggested the idea, that " the gods 
had come down among them in the likeness of 
men." Impressed with this notion they called 
Barnaba^ Jupiter, and Paul, because he was the 
chief speaker, Mercury, who was the god of elo- 
quence. The priest of Jupiter also attempted to 
offer unto them sacrifice, and was with difficulty 
restrained from persevering in his purpose. 

Their sojourn in Lystra was but for a short 
period, for the zeal of its inhabitants towards 
them was soon converted into a contrary spirit, 
affording us another and important instance how 
dangerous is hasty zeal, uncertain as the passing 
breeze, and that they who trust to popular favour, 
place their dependence upon that which is baseless 
as the fabric of a vision. The Apostles frequently 
proved the instability of popular zeal. Not only 
at Antioch and Iconium had they experienced 
this ; but even at Lystra they who had been eager 
to offer divine honours in token of their admira- 
tion, within a few days, on the instigation of cer- 
tain Jews from Antioch and Iconium, became 
equally zealous for their death, by stoning him as 
a malefactor whom they had before hailed as the 
god Mercury. 



ST. PAUL IS STONED. 127 

The scene which had been so cruelly acted 
upon Stephen at Jerusalem, and in which he had 
been himself a participator, was now reacted upon 
himself, but not unto death ; for though he had 
been stoned in the streets, and dragged by the tu- 
multuous populace to be thrown outside of the 
gates, where he was left for dead, yet as the 
brethren stood around him he rose up, restored by 
a miraculous power as from the dead, and returned 
with them into the city. On the following day 
he quitted Lystra, and with Barnabas went to 
another large and populous Lycaonian city called 
Derbe, in which place and the surrounding re- 
gion they resumed their mission, and preached the 
Gospel. 

Derbe was the extent of their first evangelical 
journey (a.d. 47). They now retraced their 
steps, and, undismayed by the cruel and ungrate- 
ful treatment which they had before experienced, 
they revisited Lystra, Iconium, Antioch, " con- 
firming the souls of the disciples, and exhorting 
them to continue in the faith, and (shewing 
them) that we must through much tribulation 
enter into the kingdom of God." 

Before they took their departure from these 
cities they gave other testimonies of their affection 
for the brethren, by appointing and ordaining fit- 
ting persons to preside over and manage their se- 



128 RETURN TO ANTIOCH. 

veral churches. It was during this progress that 
Saul commenced his intimacy with his beloved dis- 
ciple Timothy, who u fully knew the persecutions 
and afflictions which came unto him at Antioch, at 
Iconium, at Lystra." (2 Timothy, iii. 11.) 

Renewing their journey from Antioch, Paul 
and Barnabas passed through Pisidia and Pam- 
phylia, and in their progress preached the word 
in Perga, where John Mark had left them more 
than a year before, deterred by the prospect of 
those dangers which they had so painfully and yet 
o courageously undergone. Following the line 
of the coast they came to Attalia, from which, 
instead of passing by land through Cilicia on 
which it borders, they sailed to Antioch in Syria, 
from which place they had taken their departure 
about three years before. In that city, as they 
had been sent forth on their evangelical journey 
by the Church established there, so on their re- 
turn in safety they gathered the Church together, 
and rendered them an account " of all that God 
had done with them, and how he had opened the 
door of faith to the Gentiles." 



CHAPTER XII. 

a.d. 49-51. 

ACTS XV. XVI. XVII. to 10. 

Discussion at Antioch concerning Circumcision. — The Mission 
of Paul and Barnabas to Jerusalem. — The first General 
Council. — The Decree of James and the Apostles. — The 
Return of Paul and Barnabas. — Their Sojourn at Antioch. 
— Their Separation. — Paul's Visitation of the Churches 
in Syria, Cilicia, Derbe, Lystra, Phrygia, Galatia, and 
Mysia. — The Night Vision at Troas. — Call to visit Ma- 
cedonia. — The Introduction of the Gospel into Europe. — 
Philippi and Thessalonica. — The first Epistle written by 
Paul, that to the Galatians. 

After their return Paul and Barnabas remained 
at Antiock, recruiting themselves from the fatigue 
of their journey and trials, and edifying the be- 
lievers, until the harmony of the Church at that 
place, which contained so many illustrious Chris- 
tians, and which may be considered the metro- 
polis of the uncircumcision as Jerusalem was of 
the circumcision, was broken in upon (a.d. 49) 
by certain persons who came down from the latter 
city, and introduced among the brethren the 
question of circumcision as an indispensable con- 

K 



130 DISSENSIONS AT ANTIOCH. 

dition of salvation. It is not improbable that 
Peter was at Antioch at this time, and that he 
favoured this dangerous error ; for, in the Epistle 
to the Galatians, (ii. 11, 12,) St. Paul writes, 
" When Peter was come to Antioch, I withstood 
him to the face, because he was to be blamed. 
For before that certain came from James, he did 
eat with the Gentiles ; but when they were come, 
he withdrew and separated himself, fearing them 
which were of the circumcision." But however 
this may be, it is quite clear that the Judaizing 
Christians were resisted by Paul and Barnabas, 
" who had no small dissension and disputation 
with them." Neither their reasoning nor autho- 
rity, however, availed to settle the question, for 
the false teachers remained so tenacious of their 
views of the necessity of those adhering to all the 
Law of Moses, who had even been baptized into 
Christ Jesus, and they so disquieted the minds of 
the Church at Antioch, that it was at length de- 
termined to send a deputation to the Apostles and 
Elders at Jerusalem about this question. Paul 
and Barnabas, and others, among whom was Titus 
(Gal. ii. 1), were sent on this embassy, which gave 
occasion to the sitting of the first general council, 
the proceedings of which are full of importance, 
not only in respect of the decision itself, but the 
order of its discussions. It was presided over by 



FIRST GENERAL COUNCIL. 131 

James, who had been appointed Bishop of Je- 
rusalem on occasion of the Herodian persecution, 
when the rest of the Apostles were scattered 
abroad in flight. 

They had now returned, and as Paul and Bar- 
nabas had been ordained Apostles, the original 
number of Twelve was again complete, having 
been impaired by the death of James the brother 
of John, and the appointment of the other James, 
sometimes called the brother of our Lord, and 
sometimes the son of Alpheus, to be Bishop of 
Jerusalem. Various were the opinions advanced in 
this council until Peter rose up, and, retracting 
as it were the errors into which he had fallen at 
Antioch, declared his opinion against the neces- 
sity of imposing the Mosaic yoke upon the Gen- 
tiles, who had been placed by the Holy Ghost on 
the same level with themselves. This noble re- 
tractation of his former error had its due weight 
upon the Council ; for no sooner had Paul and 
Barnabas been in consequence called into the 
assembly, and had given an account of " the 
miracles and wonders God had wrought among 
the Gentiles by them/' than James, the President 
of the Council, delivered his opinion also, that as 
the Lord had shewn his purpose, in the conver- 
sion of Cornelius, to visit the Gentiles and take 
out of them a people for his name according to 



132 THE APOSTOLIC DECREE. 

the intimations of prophecy, it was not right to 
trouble those among the Gentiles who were turned 
unto God any further with this question. This 
opinion, confirming as it did the position ad- 
vanced by Paul and Barnabas at Antioch, was 
adopted by the Council, who chose out Judas 
surnamed Barsabas, and Silas, to accompany them 
on their return to Antioch, and confirm by speech 
the decree conveyed in the letter, written by the 
Apostles and Elders and brethren at Jerusalem 
to their brethren of the Gentiles in Antioch, and 
Syria, and Cilicia. 

Paul and Barnabas delivered the epistle to the 
assembled Church at Antioch, " who rejoiced for 
the consolation." Their joy was because of their 
being protected from a heavy yoke; their con- 
solation, that of being admitted and recognised 
as brethren, and fellow-heirs of the Gospel, by 
those who were the pillars of the truth. Their 
joy and consolation also were increased by the 
exhortation and brotherly affection towards them 
of Judas and Silas, the deputed messengers of the 
primitive Church at Jerusalem. Indeed so great 
and lively was the interest which Silas took in 
them, that he refused to return with Judas, 
choosing rather to remain at Antioch, a witness 
of, and fellow-labourer in, those exertions of Paul 
and Barnabas ; by which in conjunction with many 



PAUL AND BARNABAS SEPARATE. 133 

others, they continued " teaching and preaching 
the Word of the Lord." 

But Antioch, however important, was a sphere 
much too contracted for the labours of those two 
zealous Apostles. At the suggestion of Paul, 
who, like his Great Master, delighted to go about 
doing good, they determined to revisit those 
whom, in their first evangelical journey, they had 
converted to the faith of Jesus. On this occasion, 
however, as if to be a perpetual memorial of the 
necessity of every one taking heed lest he fall, 
and to shew that even the plenary influence of 
the Holy Spirit did not annihilate the free agency 
of man, a dissension broke out between them, 
and a sudden fit of anger caused them to se- 
parate. It was occasioned by the partiality of 
Barnabas for his nephew John Mark, who had 
incurred the displeasure of Paul for having left 
them at Perga, in Pamphylia, in their former 
mission, before the work on which they had en- 
tered was finished. Paul's zeal was of that cha- 
racter that he knew no compromise. He, who 
had withdrawn his hand from the plough and 
turned back, was no fit companion for him, who 
" counted not his own life dear." 

The contention, therefore, which arose in con- 
sequence between Paul and Barnabas, in respect 
of associating John with them on this occasion, 



134 SECOND EVANGELICAL JOURNEY. 

was so sharp, that tliey at length determined not 
only on taking different routes, but different com- 
panions with them. Barnabas sailed to Cyprus, 
his native country, accompanied by his nephew 
John ; and Paul, attended by Silas, who had at- 
tached himself with great earnestness to him, went 
forth, " being recommended by the brethren unto 
the grace of God." 

As Barnabas had chosen to visit his native 
country, Cyprus, so Paul went through Syria to 
Cilicia, his native province, " confirming the 
churches." The leading object of this second 
visit of the Apostle (a.d. 50) appears to have 
been, that he might impart to them the same joy 
and consolation in respect of the decree of the 
Council at Jerusalem, which had followed the 
reading of the epistle at Antioch. For the same 
busy and intermeddling spirit which had unset- 
tled the brethren in that city, had visited with 
its baneful influence other churches also. To 
stay the progress of this evil dissension, appears to 
have been the object of Paul in suggesting to 
Barnabas the expediency of visiting those con- 
verts, whom they had made in their previous 
journey, to see how they did, and ascertain whe- 
ther they were steadfast in the faith, or had become 
tossed by the waves of this turbulent tempest. 
Wherever he went he delivered the decree of the 



TIMOTHY. 135 

Council at Jerusalem, which, though primarily 
addressed to the Church at Antioch, contained a 
decision obligatory upon all. The presence of 
Silas, the deputed messenger of the Church at 
Jerusalem, would tend to give effect to his en- 
deavours * so that " the churches were established 
in the faith, and increased in number daily. " It 
was about this period that Titus is supposed to 
have been ordained by St. Paul, Bishop of Crete. 
(A.D. 50.) 

From Cilicia the Apostle passed into the coun- 
try of Iconium, and visited the cities of Derbe and 
Lystra. Here he took into his company Timothy, 
with whom in his former journey he had become 
acquainted. Timothy was both Jew and Gentile 
by birth, his father being a Grecian, his mother a 
Jewess. In respect of his father he was exempt 
from the legal ordinance of circumcision, but on 
the part of his mother it was obligatory upon him. 
As a devout Greek, baptized into the Lord Jesus, 
the decree at Jerusalem absolved him from the 
necessity, without at the same time depriving him 
of the option, of being circumcised. In matters 
purely voluntary 7 , it is no violation either of truth 
or justice, if for the sake and benefit of others, 
we at different times, and under different circum- 
stances, vary in our conduct. "In Christ Jesus 
neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor un~ 



136 TIMOTHY CIRCUMCISED. 

circumcision." If circumcision were insisted upon 
as an indispensable duty, as it had been at An- 
tioch, it became the Apostle openly and uncom- 
promisingly to resist it ; but if the observance of 
it in one, to whom the act was entirely voluntary, 
and the observance or non-observance was alike 
indifferent to himself, but important in respect of 
his usefulness to others, was likely to be beneficial 
to the cause to which he was most earnestly de- 
voted, then not only did it become lawful, but ex- 
pedient, and proper to be attended to. Some 
reason of this kind probably induced Paul to have 
Timothy circumcised, before he took him as his 
companion in his second evangelical journey. 
This act of the Apostle would tend to mitigate 
the prejudices of the Jews towards himself, and 
obtain for Timothy a more ready admittance into 
the synagogues, where his knowledge of the 
writings of the Old Testament would enable him 
to plead more effectually the cause of Him, who 
was "the end of the Law for righteousness to 
every one that believeth." 

From Derbe and Lystra they proceeded onward 
to Phrygia and Galatia, and being forbidden by 
a divine intimation to preach the word in Asia, 
they came to Mysia; and again over-ruled by the 
same Divine Spirit, which had turned their steps 
from penetrating into the interior of Asia when 



NIGHT VISION AT TROAS. 137 

at Galatia, from going into Bithynia, they reached 
Troas. Here was explained to them the reason, 
why they were not allowed at that time to carry 
the knowledge of the truth into the other pro- 
vinces of Asia, which had not yet heard the name 
of Christ. A more extended sphere of evan- 
gelical exertion awaited them. The fallow ground 
of Gentile Europe was to be broken up ; and to 
Paul and his company, including Silas, and Luke 
the writer of the Gospel bearing his name, and 
the author of the Acts of the Apostles, was that 
glorious commission given. 

To Paul appeared, in the night season, a vision ; 
that of a man of Macedonia entreating him in 
these remarkable words, " Come over into Mace- 
donia and help us." Troas, where this vision was 
seen, lies on the eastern coast of Asia, a place 
highly celebrated in history and ancient songs; 
and Macedonia, to which Paul was invited to 
come, is situated on the opposite coast of Europe, 
and forms one of its two divisions, the other of 
which is Achaia. From Macedonia went forth 
384 years before the victorious Alexander, who, 
by the power of his arms, subjugated Asia. In 
his triumphant career he visited that spot, which 
was now made the place from which were sent 
forth the feet of the messengers of peace, to pro- 
claim the message of glad tidings, and call upon 



138 INTRODUCTION OF THE GOSPEL 

the nations to beat their swords into ploughshares, 
and receive the dominion of Him, the effects of 
whose battles are not garments rolled in blood, 
but the peaceable fruits of righteousness and 
truth. 

In the morning Paul made known to his com- 
panions the vision which he had seen; and as 
they all concurred in the same exposition of it, 
that the Lord had called them to preach the 
Gospel unto the people of Macedonia, they im- 
mediately obeyed the call, and set forth for Eu- 
rope. In their way they came to the island of 
Samothrace, lying between the coasts of Europe 
and Asia ; and crossing thence, they came on the 
following day to the sea-port of Neapolis. 

The first or principal town to which they came 
in Macedonia was Philippi, a town which received 
its name from Philip, the celebrated king of that 
country, who greatly ornamented and favoured it ; 
it is also celebrated as being the scene of the 
defeat of Brutus and Cassius by Mark Antony 
and Augustus Csesar, in their bloody struggle for 
mastery (a.d. 42). It was also a Roman colony 
planted by Julius Csesar, and for this reason, per- 
haps, it is called by St. Luke " the chief city of 
that part of Macedonia." 

It appears that the Jews had in this place a 
small house of prayer, situated, as was their cus- 



INTO EUROPE. 139 

torn, on the banks of the river, to which their 
converts resorted on the Sabbath-day. Thither 
Paul and his companions betook themselves on 
the first Sabbath-day after their arrival in the 
city, and spoke the words of their message to the 
women who were there accustomed to worship. 
Nor without effect. Their first convert was Lydia, 
not indeed a native of Europe, for she was from 
Thyatira, a city of Asia Minor; but she was a 
worshipper of Jehovah, and " the Lord opened 
her heart, that she attended unto the things 
which were spoken of Paul." She with her house- 
hold (for she was a seller of purple) was bap- 
tized ; and so highly was she esteemed by Paul, 
that he and his company took up their abode in 
her house. During their stay, and on their way 
to the usual place of prayer by the river-side, on 
one occasion they were met by a young woman 
possessed with a spirit of divination, which, after 
some days, Paul cast out in the name of Jesus 
Christ. 

Philippi was under the jurisdiction of the 
Romans, amongst whom divination and oracles 
were held in repute and estimation. This damsel 
belonged to certain persons, who made traffic of 
her skill. When, therefore, she was dispossessed 
of that which had been to them a source of gain, 
they became indignant, and stirred up the people 



140 PAUL AND SILAS 

against Paul and Silas, and dragging them before 
the Roman tribunal, accused them of creating a 
tumult in the city and violating Roman customs. 
The Apostles were roughly treated by the magis- 
trate, who, after they had caused them to be 
scourged, cast them, unheard, into prison. But 
the same Divine Power which brought forth Peter 
in Jerusalem from the watchful and close vigilance 
of Herod, was equally efficient to deliver his 
servants at Philippi from the custody and fetters 
of their blind and enraged accusers ; and so firm 
was the trust of the prisoners in the power of 
their Master, that the horrors of the prison-house 
had no terrors for them. " They prayed, and sang 
praises unto God." Their songs, which broke the 
gloomy horror of the midnight darkness, and 
which attracted the listening attention of the 
other prisoners, were only interrupted by the 
violence of an earthquake, which shook the foun- 
dation of the prison, rocked the doors from their 
fastenings, and unloosed the manacles from their 
hands. A way of escape was, therefore, opened 
to the prisoners, who, however, did not avail them- 
selves of it. They were free indeed from their 
bonds, but they forgot not the cause for which 
they were then called upon to suffer. They ar- 
rested the hand of the keeper of the prison raised 
to inflict self-murder, through apprehension of 



AT PHILIPPI. 141 

the escape of his charge. They saved him from 
that destruction, and were instrumental in de- 
livering him from a more fearful end, for they 
declared to him the method of salvation ; " they 
spake unto him, and to all who were in his house, 
the Word of the Lord." His heart was melted ; 
his ignorance dissipated ; his anxiety to keep 
them in safe custody was turned into an eager- 
ness to minister to their wants. He washed their 
woimds, he supplied them with food, he received 
their word with gladness, and he and all his house 
believed in God, and without delay were baptized. 
Here was another instance of the fulfilment of 
the Saviour's command to his Apostles, to make 
all nations Christian by baptism. 

Great must have been this man's faith, who not 
only could treat with kindness those whom his 
masters had despitefully used, and wash those 
wounds which had been inflicted by them under 
whom he acted ; but who could brave the charge 
of treachery, and the sneers of old associates, to 
embrace the opinions of those who were placed 
under his keeping, to be reserved for further 
punishment. 

Not only also had his sentiments undergone in 
one short night so great a change, but a change 
had come over those who had abused their office 
and power to work cruelty and injustice, The 



142 PAUL AND SILAS 

violence of the earthquake might have wrought 
upon their superstition, and caused them to con- 
sider it as a mark of the displeasure of their gods 
for their violence of the preceding day, whilst 
reflection had taught them to be ashamed of their 
unjust proceedings : when, therefore, it was day, 
they sent their officers commanding the jailor to 
let the prisoners go. But the prisoners would not 
be so dismissed. Conscious of their own in- 
nocence, and firm in the trust in Him in whom 
they believed, they refused to depart before they 
who had beaten them, uncondemned, should them- 
selves come and fetch them out. As Roman 
citizens their stripes demanded reparation; as 
men uncondemned, and yet publicly beaten, re- 
spect for their own character required an avowal 
of their innocence, as public as had been the ill- 
treatment and injustice they had experienced. 
Their demand was complied with, and they left 
the city, having sown the seed of the Gospel, 
which was afterwards to bring forth fruit abun- 
dantly. 

The unjust and cruel treatment which they had 
experienced in this their first essay to help the 
people of Macedonia, according to the invitation 
of the vision, did not deter them from perse- 
vering in the work which they had begun. From 
Philippi, where Luke was left by his companions, 



AT THESSALONICA. 143 

as may be inferred from his no longer speaking 
of himself as joined with Paul, they proceeded 
through Amphipolis and Apollonia, and came to 
Thessalonica, " where was a synagogue of the 
Jews." Here they took up their abode ; and on 
three successive Sabbath-days Paul reasoned with 
those who frequented the synagogue, and who, 
therefore, were conversant with the revelation con- 
tained in the Jewish Scriptures, which spake pro- 
phetically of the Messiah. Out of these Scrip- 
tures Paul reasoned with them, proving the ne- 
cessity of the sufferings of Christ, and the truth 
of his resurrection. Some were convinced by his 
reasoning and became companions of him and 
Silas. Many of the Grecian proselytes, also, and 
several of the chief women of the place, believed. 
Nor were they the only fruits of the harvest of 
grace in Thessalonica. Many of the Gentiles be- 
came convinced of the vanity of serving idols, and 
turned to the living and true God. Amongst 
them Paul abode for some time, and supported 
himself by the work of his own hands, labouring 
day and night. (1 Thess. i. 9; 2 Thess. iii. 8.) 
He also received assistance from the infant Church 
which he had established at Philippi on two several 
occasions. (Phil. iv. 16.) 

The success which attended his work of the 
ministry at Thessalonica excited the malignity of 



144 CHURCH AT THESSALONICA. 

the unbelieving Jews, who, by means of the rabble 
of the city, stirred up an uproar and made a 
violent assault upon the house of Jason, a rela- 
tion of the Apostle (Rom. xvi. 21), where they 
lodged. Disappointed in not finding the Apo- 
stolical company, they dragged Jason and some 
other converts before the rulers, accusing them of 
turbulence and sedition; a charge which always 
alarmed the fears of a Roman tribunal. Jason, 
however, and his associates were dismissed, on 
their giving due security for their peaceable and 
orderly conduct. But though thus dismissed, 
they clearly saw that Thessalonica was no longer 
a safe abode for their teachers; they, therefore, 
set about providing them with the means of 
escape, which they successfully accomplished in 
the night season. 

Thus was the Apostle compelled to withdraw 
himself from Thessalonica, as he had been from 
Philippi. His sojourn, however, at Thessalonica 
had been marked with great success, for he planted 
a Church, " whose work of faith and labour of 
love, and patience of hope in our Lord Jesus 
Christ, in the sight of God and our Father," the 
Apostle did not cease to remember. It was also 
during his sojourn in Thessalonica that Paul com- 
menced another mode of instruction, more lasting 
than that of preaching — the writing of epistles or 



FIRST APOSTOLIC EPISTLE. 145 

letters to those churches already planted, which 
he was unable to visit in person. The object of 
them is not to introduce new doctrines, but rather 
to record and elucidate those already revealed. 
The first of these is his noble Epistle to the Gala- 
tians, written a.d. 51. The object of it was to set 
the Galatian converts right in respect of the false 
doctrines of certain Judaizing Christians, who 
were teaching that obedience to the ceremonial law 
was the cause of salvation. In opposition to them 
Paul plainly and distinctly, and with the clearest 
argument, sets forth the sufliciency of faith in 
Christ. The discussion of this question first in- 
troduced dissension and schism into the Chris- 
tian Church. Even the decree of the Apostolic 
Council at Jerusalem (a.d. 49) did not extinguish 
its torch of error. It was the cause of the em- 
bassy of Paul and Barnabas from Antioch to 
Jerusalem, and of Judas and Silas from Jerusalem 
to Antioch. It moved Paul to undertake his 
second apostolical journey. Wherever he had 
planted a Church, there did he leave the decision 
of the Council; and wherever he went, he preached 
the doctrine of faith in the crucified Jesus boldly 
and without reserve. But wherever he went and 
preached this doctrine, he was met with opposi- 
tion ; and the corrupt passions of men, as if to 
afford practical evidence of the truth of what he 



146 EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. 

advocated, were roused to refute, if possible, the 
preaching of the cross. 

The argument of this Epistle shews evidently 
the subject which occupied so prominent a part 
in the early discussions of the Christian Church, 
and serves to point out the period of its com- 
position about the year 51, when the mind of the 
Apostle, from the circumstances already detailed, 
would of necessity be deeply and constantly en- 
gaged in its consideration. This remark may 
serve to elucidate the great principle advocated 
by the Apostle in this his first epistle, in which 
he destroys the pretensions of the Jews founded 
on outward acts, and establishes the pure faith of 
Christ as the Gospel method of salvation. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

a.d. 51, 52. 

ACTS XVII. 10 to end ; XVIII. to 18. 

The Bereans. — Paul at Athens. — Corinth. — First and Second 
Epistles to the Thessalonians. — Gallio« 

The Apostle having escaped from the uproar 
raised against him and his companions in Thes- 
salonica, and having seen his friends restored to 
liberty on giving security, passed under cover of 
the night to Berea, another town in Macedonia. 
The Jews in Berea had obtained the high dis- 
tinction of being more noble than those of Thes- 
salonica, because of their readiness in receiving the 
word and their assiduity in searching the Scrip- 
tures, by which they were enabled to judge more 
clearly and correctly of the truth of what they 
heard taught, and preached by Paul and his com- 
panions. Hence many of them were convinced 
and embraced the Gospel; and their example was 
followed by several persons of distinction amongst 
the Greeks, both men and women. But even 
here, with so ready a reception and so intelligent 
a body of believers, there was no rest to the 



148 ATHENS. 

Apostle from persecution ; the spirit of Jewish in- 
tolerance followed him from Thessalonica to Berea, 
and hunted him, as it had before done in Asia, 
from that city. So eager, indeed, was the pursuit 
after him, that he was under the necessity of part- 
ing from Silas and Timothy, whom he left behind 
in Berea, and of using a feint to cover his escape. 
He was conducted by the brethren who were ap- 
pointed for that purpose, by land to Athens, that 
celebrated city of Grecian literature and Grecian 
glory. All that the wisdom of man could devise, 
or human ingenuity discover, was there cultivated. 
It was called Athens from the name of Athena or 
Minerva, the fabulous goddess of wisdom, and 
was the stronghold of human learning and refined 
knowledge. Its schools were the resort of all, from 
every part of the Gentile world, who sought for 
distinction in arts and philosophy. Its sages were 
most renowned, and the names of Plato and So- 
crates stand pre-eminent, whilst their writings and 
sentiments exhibit the highest stretch to which 
human reason ever attained. Yet, sublime and 
refined as are their writings, the most finished 
which philosophy could elaborate from the mines 
of thought and science, they fall far short of the 
simple but authoritative maxims and teaching of 
revelation, and afford an unanswerable evidence 
of the truth of the Apostle's assertion, that 



ST. PAUL AT ATHENS. 149 

a the world by wisdom knew not God." For in 
the retined Athens, the seat of literature, and the 
throne of science, and the metropolis of philo- 
sophy, there was a greater extent of idolatry than 
was to be found in all the rest of Greece. Having 
exhausted the vocabulary of other deities, they 
had reared an altar to the Unknown God, on 
the various accounts of which it is not necessary 
here to enter. There were also amongst the 
Athenians various schools or sects of philosophers, 
the chief of which were the Epicureans and the 
Stoics ; the former of whom atheistically made all 
happiness to consist in pleasure, and the perfec- 
tion of wisdom in devising the means of enjoy- 
ment, whilst the latter acknowledged a Providence, 
but bound both the Deity and the souls of men 
" fast in fate." The principles of the Epicureans, 
therefore, tended to laxity of morals and dissolute 
habits, and those of the Stoics generated pride 
and fostered impiety. 

St. Paul arrived at Athens a.d. 51. There 
is much in all his conduct in every place to excite 
admiration for his prudence in adapting his teach- 
ing to the various habits and peculiarities of his 
hearers ; thus affording a laudable example to all 
engaged in preaching the doctrines of Christ, 
especially those who go forth on the message of 



150 ST. PAUL AT ATHENS. 

love and reconciliation to lands yet unvisited by 
the light of truth. 

The narration of the conduct of the Apostle at 
Athens is brief. Silas and Timothy, whom he had 
left at Berea, were to follow and join him at 
Athens. Whilst he was waiting for their coming, 
his righteous soul, like that of Lot in Sodom, was 
stirred within him, " when he saw the city wholly 
given to idolatry." His first step was to dispute 
in the synagogues with the Jews, his own coun- 
trymen, and others who worshipped with them. 
At Athens, as in all other places, this was PauFs 
custom ; his countrymen were the first to whom 
he addressed himself, for to them belonged the 
promises, and their synagogues were the scenes 
of the declaration of his message, thus shewing 
that he neglected not the established worship of 
his country. But his affection for the Jews did 
not render him unmindful of the welfare of the 
Gentiles. 

In the market-place at Athens, or rather the 
forum or agora, probably that called the Eretrian, 
situated opposite to the porch where the Stoics 
assembled for their disputations, did Paul take 
his stand to speak to them of the faith of Christ. 
Attracted by his reputation, and the reports of 
those whom he had already encountered in his 



ST. PAUL AT ATHENS. 151 

daily walks through the city, certain of the Epi- 
curean and Stoic philosophers encountered him. 
Some of them appear to have held him in derision, 
as a babbler or vain talker ; whilst others alleged 
that he was a setter forth of strange gods, because 
he preached Jesus and the resurrection. Now 
the law of Athens visited with death all those who 
presumed to introduce the worship of a new god. 
This, therefore, was an allegation which, if proved 
before the proper tribunal, would have brought 
him under trial for a capital offence. 

Whilst, therefore, he was accused by some of a 
grave charge, obnoxious to death, and by others 
ridiculed with an expression which denoted the 
utmost contempt and scorn, it required no ordi- 
nary exercise of prudence and ability to refute 
the one and gainsay the other. Yet this he did 
with admirable management, tempering his zeal 
with knowledge, and advocating truth with pru- 
dence yet without compromise. Brought to the 
hill of Mars, called the Areopagus, in order that 
there might be more space for the Athenians, 
who are celebrated for their idle curiosity, to hear 
what this stranger had to set forth, Paul of 
Tarsus, the lonely Hebrew, the babbler as they 
called him, stood amongst the assembled group 
of those at that period most celebrated for wisdom 



152 THE CHRISTIAN PLEADER. 

and classic refinement. He was ignorant neither 
of the character of those who were ready to dis- 
pute with him, nor of the peculiar usages and 
customs of the place, for he was not rude in 
human learning; neither was he inferior to any 
of his civilized opponents in the acts of courtesy, 
for the true spirit of Christianity teaches suavity 
of manners, and by inculcating the royal maxim 
of doing unto others as we would have others do 
unto us, enforces the very essence of good man- 
ners. His address to the enlightened auditory, 
by whom he was surrounded, displays as well the 
courtesies of oratory as the principles of truth ; 
and it is difficult to say which is most to be ad- 
mired, the skill with which he adapts his lan- 
guage and style to meet their peculiarities, or the 
force with which he applies the truth of the great 
doctrines he was called upon to set forth and 
enforce, in making known to them " the Unknown 
God." The elegance of his address obtained for 
him a courteous hearing, and though the declar- 
ation of the doctrine of the resurrection of the 
dead (which they had imagined to be a deity) 
drew from some an expression of mockery, it 
elicited from others a wish to hear him again 
on this matter. The word of truth penetrated 
the hearts of others, and carried off as spoils from 



CORINTH. 153 

the worship of idols, u Dionysius the Areopagite, 
and a woman named Damaris, and others with 
them/' 

Having appealed to the philosophic Athenians 
in a manner which could not fail to leave in their 
minds a favourable impression of the powers of 
mind possessed by a barbarian, for so the Greeks 
denominated all other nations, as the Jews called 
all others Gentiles, Paul took his departure from 
that celebrated city, and went to Corinth. This 
also was a place of great importance, situated 
between two seas, and forming the gate of en- 
trance between the Morea and Attica. It was 
notorious for idol-worship and the grossest prac- 
tices of heathen abominations. It was in its 
neighbourhood that the Isthmian games were 
celebrated. At this place Paul took up his abode. 
He had, previously to leaving Athens, sent Ti- 
mothy, who had come to him from Berea, to visit 
his converts at Thessalonica, "to establish and 
comfort them concerning their faith," and bring 
to him a report of their state (1 Thess. iii. 1-7), 
with directions to rejoin him at Corinth. He 
took up his residence in the house of a country- 
man named Aquila, a native of Pontus, who with 
his wife Priscilla had lately come from Rome, to 
avoid the dangers of the edict made by the Em- 
peror Claudius against the Jews (a.d. 51) : Aquila 



154 CORINTHIAN CONVERTS. 

was by trade a tent-maker. In the same occu- 
pation Paul had been trained at Tarsus, for every 
Jew was constrained to learn some trade. Simi- 
larity of worldly calling, as well as spiritual in- 
clination, brought Paul and Aquila together. 
Here it was the Apostle was compelled to labour 
with his own hands in his worldly occupation for 
his daily bread, whilst waiting for the return of 
Timothy and the coming of Silas. But this did 
not render him forgetful of his higher calling in 
Christ Jesus, for every Sabbath-day he reasoned 
in the synagogue, the worship of which he was 
careful to attend, and persuaded the Jews and 
Greeks ; amongst them probably were the families 
of Stephanas and Epenetus, whom he calls the 
first-fruits of Achaia (Rom. xvi. 5 ; 1 Corinth, 
xvi. 15). It is uncertain how long he remained 
before his associates joined him. But on their 
arrival the account given him by Timothy of the 
state of the Thessalonican Church (1 Thess. iii. 
6, 7) appears to have affected him with deep emo- 
tion, and caused him to give himself up entirely 
to the preaching of the word and the work of the 
ministry during the remainder of his stay in Corinth. 
One mark of his zeal and untiring earnestness in 
the cause of his heavenly Master is to be found in 
the First Epistle to the Thessalonians, which he 
wrote at this time (a.d. 51). 



PIRST EPISTLE TO THE THESSALONIANS. 155 

Prevented as he was from revisiting them at 
that season, and made acquainted with their state, 
their wants, and their advancement in the Gospel, 
he sent to them in the name of himself, and Sil- 
vanus (or Silas), and Timothy, a written exposi- 
tion of his sentiments, in which he furnished 
them with fitting arguments by which to resist 
the enticements of their spiritual adversaries, who 
were striving to unsettle their faith and turn 
them back to idol-worship. Accordingly, he lays 
plainly before them the evidences of the truth of 
the Gospel which he had preached amongst them, 
and enforces the observance of its duties in con- 
formity with its character and obligations. 

The concluding injunction to the Thessalonians 
to read the epistle " to all the holy brethren," 
establishes that practice, which is the peculiar 
privilege of the Protestant, the reading of the 
Holy Scriptures amongst the people without re- 
striction or difference. 

The first effort of the Apostle at Corinth to 
make known the Gospel was in behalf of his own 
countrymen ; but when the members of the syna- 
gogue refused the word, and treated the message 
with contumely, he turned from them with a 
solemn protestation, and declared his purpose to 
go henceforth unto the Gentiles. When he had 
left the synagogue he entered into an adjacent 



156 SPIRITUAL ENCOURAGEMENT. 

house belonging to a certain devout worshipper, 
named Justus, and made that the scene of his 
teaching. 

Crispus, the chief ruler of the synagogue, fol- 
lowed him, and himself with all his house believed 
on the Lord, and was baptized by Paul (1 Cor. i. 
14). His example was followed by many of the 
Corinthians, who hearing, believed, and were 
baptized. These were to him gratifying proofs 
of the efficiency of his ministration, yet the 
Apostle seems to have felt deeply the repeated 
discouragements he met with in every place from 
the unmitigating opposition of his countrymen, so 
that as he confesses (1 Cor. ii. 3), he "was 
amongst them in weakness and in fear, and in 
much trembling." The Lord, however, did not 
leave him to sink under the weight of this dis- 
couragement, for during the night succeeding 
his withdrawal from the synagogue, a high con- 
firmation was afforded him of the approval of his 
labours by his Divine Master, in a vision, which 
encouraged him to persevere boldly under the 
assurance of the Divine protection, as promised 
to the Disciples by the risen Jesus just before his 
ascension into heaven, and by the encouraging 
declaration that " God had much people in that 
city." 

Thus assured, the Apostle settled himself at 



SECOND EPISTLE TO THE THESSALONIANS. 157 

Corinth, and perseveringly pursued his spiritual 
calling for a year and six months, " teaching the 
word of God among them." 

During this period (a.d. 52) he wrote his 
Second Epistle to the Thessalonians, the necessity 
of which appears to have been caused by a mis- 
interpretation of some passages contained in his 
former letter, in respect of the near approach of 
the coming of Christ and the day of judgment. 

Since the writing of his former epistle the 
Church at Thessalonica had grown in numbers 
and increased in Christian graces. We gather 
this from the Second Epistle (i. 3, 4), in which 
the Apostle " thanks God because that their faith 
groweth exceedingly, and the charity of every 
one of them all toward each other aboundeth," 
so that both he, and Silvanus, and Timothy, " glo- 
ried in them in the Churches of God, for their 
patience and faith in all their persecutions and 
tribulations that they endured." 

Thus was Paul careful of the spiritual welfare 
and perseverance of his distant converts, confirm- 
ing, encouraging, cautioning, and exhorting them 
by letters. Nor was he less careful over the little 
flock which had come within the fold of his 
Master at Corinth : neither did he rest from using 
every effort to persuade and convince those who 
yet resisted his preaching of the word. So earnest 



158 GALLIC 

was he, that the evil spirit of Jewish intolerance 
again burst forth. Taking advantage of the pre- 
sence of the Roman proconsul they resumed their 
attacks upon him, and dragged him before the judg- 
ment-seat of Gallio, accusing him of violating the 
Jewish law, Gallio, the Roman governor, brother 
of the celebrated Seneca who is no less distin- 
guished for his moral writings than for his having 
been put to death by Nero, whose preceptor he 
had been, is represented by historians as a man 
of amiable character and great literary attain- 
ments. He refused to receive the charge laid 
against Paul, not wishing to interfere between the 
accusers and accused in respect of questions re- 
lating to their religious profession. He, there- 
fore, dismissed them without ceremony from his 
tribunal. A tumult ensued, in which Sosthenes, 
the chief ruler of the synagogue, who had pro- 
bably succeeded Crispus in that office, and who 
had been foremost in arraigning Paul, was beaten 
by the Grecians in the presence of the governor, 
even before the judgment-seat. "But Gallio 
cared not for these things." The quarrel was be- 
tween Jews and Grecians, both of them tributary 
to his nation, and so long as the supremacy of the 
Roman power was not questioned or endangered, 
it mattered not to him. 

The Apostle continued to reside some time 



CHURCH AT CORINTH. 159 

longer in Corinth after this futile attempt of his 
countrymen upon him, and his exertions were 
crowned with great success in establishing a 
Christian Church, comprehending not only the 
converts already named, but many others also, of 
whom he has left this noble testimony, that they 
" were enriched by God in all utterance, and in 
all knowledge; having the testimony of Christ 
confirmed in them, so that they came behind ixx 
no gift" (1 Cor. i. 5-7), 



CHAPTER XIV. 

a.d. 53-56. 

ACTS XVIII. 18 to end ; XIX. to 20. 

Crete, Nicopolis. — Epistle to Titus. — Illyricum. — Cenchrea. 
— First Visit to Ephesus. — Csesarea. — Jerusalem. — An- 
tioch. — Conclusion of the Second Apostolical Journey.— 
Commencement of the Third. — Apollos at Ephesus and 
Corinth. — Paul's Second Visit to Ephesus. — Ephesian 
Magicians. — Their Failure. — The Triumph of the Gospel. 

When the Apostle departed from Corinth, he is 
supposed to have passed over into Crete, where 
he had left his beloved son Titus, whom he ap- 
pointed Bishop of the Church founded there, with 
power and command " to set in order the things 
which were wanting, and to ordain elders in every 
city," according to apostolic appointment. In 
this we trace a leading feature in the economy of 
the Church of Christ in the primitive age, when 
under the sanction and immediate influence of the 
Holy Spirit. The ordination of ministers by those 
only who had derived their own appointment from 
the Great Head of the Church himself, is a fact 
expressly recorded; and the power delegated to 
Titus at Crete to transmit the same kind of com- 



EPISTLE TO TITUS. 161 

mission to faithful men, shews the manner in 
which the Apostles designed the spiritual building 
to be carried on, from one generation of men to 
another, in conformity with the original design of 
Him who is the head-stone of the corner. 

After the Apostle had left Titus at Crete, he 
was compelled by the approach of winter (Titus, 
iii. 12) to take up his abode at Nicopolis in 
Epirus, near to Actium, the place celebrated for 
the victory of Augustus Csesar over his former col- 
league Marc Antony, 84 years before, and built by 
the conqueror in honour of that event, which 
made him master of the Roman world. During 
his sojourn at this place (a.d. 53), Paul is sup- 
posed (although the matter is much controverted) 
to have composed his Epistle to Titus, to furnish 
him with a written digest of instructions by which 
to regulate his own conduct as bishop, and to 
direct others also in the way of godliness : a digest 
not less useful to Titus in that primitive age, than 
abounding with important lessons to spiritual 
rulers and teachers in every subsequent period. 

In the Epistle to the Romans (xv. 19) the 
Apostle speaks of his having fully preached the 
Gospel of Christ from Jerusalem and round about 
unto Illyricum. It might be that he made known 
the way of life at this period, which he is sup- 
posed to have spent at Nicopolis, to the regions 

M 



162 AQUILA AND PRISCILLA. 

of Illyricum, for they lay convenient for his goings 
out and comings in at that place. On leaving 
Nicopolis on his way towards Syria, we find him 
at Cenchrea, which is the port lying adjacent to 
Corinth, on the side of the Sinus Saronicus. At 
this place Aquila and Priscilla joined him, where, 
according to a vow, the former had shorn his 
head, being still zealous for Jewish rites and cere- 
monies. Others suppose that it was Paul who 
performed the vow, and as he did not hold him- 
self bound to observe legal ordinances, he did 
so out of that tender regard for the scruples of 
others which distinguished all his conduct. Hence 
as long hair was considered by the Greeks orna- 
mental, he is supposed to have allowed his to grow 
during his sojourn in Greece, thus becoming to 
the Greeks a Greek — whilst, as he was now on 
the point of returning to mix more amongst his 
own countrymen, he conformed to their peculi- 
arity in having his head shorn, thus becoming to 
the Jews a Jew ; in both cases with the sole pur- 
pose that he " might by all means win them to 
Christ." 

From Cenchrea he proceeded to Ephesus ; where 
having, as was his custom, entered into the syna- 
gogue, he reasoned with the Jews. Contrary to 
the treatment which he had generally met with 
from his countrymen, the Jews at Ephesus re- 



END OF SECOND APOSTOLIC JOURNEY. 163 

ceived him so favourably, that they entreated his 
longer stay among them ; but his purpose to be 
present at Jerusalem at the approaching Passover 
prevented his compliance, for he was anxious to 
be present on that occasion, having been absent 
more than five years. Leaving his companions 
with the assurance of his purpose to return to 
them again, he took his departure from Ephesus 
by sea, and having landed at Csesarea, which has 
the honourable distinction of being the place 
where was made the first Gentile convert, he 
proceeded to Jerusalem, and was permitted to 
accomplish that for which he had so earnestly 
longed — to keep the Feast of the Passover. He 
also held communion with the Church there es- 
tablished, and having delivered to its members an 
account of his proceedings, he returned to An- 
tioch, thus completing his second apostolic jour- 
ney (a.d. 54). 

Thus terminated his second evangelical jour- 
ney, in which he had not only visited and con- 
firmed the churches which he had before planted, 
but had also raised up new ones, having preached 
the Gospel not only in Asia, but in the most 
refined part of Europe; not only to Jews and 
Greeks, but to Barbarians also. The five years 
he had been absent are of great importance in the 
history of the Christian Church, developing in 



164 THIRD APOSTOLIC JOURNEY. 

their progress its perfect building, and the manner 
in which it was to be perpetuated for the salva- 
tion of man, whether Jew or Gentile, to the glory 
of God. 

Having attended to whatever might be neces- 
sary in the Church at Antioch, which has already 
been described as the metropolis of the Gentile, 
as Jerusalem was of the Jewish Church, the 
Apostle set out on his third ecclesiastical journey 
(a.d. 55). He took the route which led him to the 
Churches of Galatia and Phrygia ; and wherever 
he went he strengthened all the disciples. His 
visits were not of idle ceremony or useless cour- 
tesy, but of deep and affectionate interest. He 
had planted them at first, he watched over them 
with a parent's solicitude ; his inmost soul was 
engaged for their eternal welfare. Whatever was 
amiss, he corrected; whatever was decayed, he 
repaired; whatever was wanting, he established; 
he strengthened all the disciples, for " in Christ 
Jesus he had begotten them through the Gospel." 
(1 Cor. iv. 15.) 

Whilst he was thus occupied in Galatia and 
Phrygia, Ephesus had become the scene of some 
interesting events. Apollos, a native of Alex- 
andria, a city in Egypt very celebrated for the 
cultivation of literature, had taken up his abode 
in Ephesus. He had been instructed in the way 



APOLLOS. 165 

of the Lord according to the teaching of John, 
whose baptism he had received. Being endowed 
with great power of eloquence, and having a lively- 
zeal for the glory of the Lord Jehovah, he entered 
the Jewish synagogue, and boldly preached out of 
the Jewish Scriptures, in which he was powerful, 
not the Gospel of Jesus Christ, but the doctrines 
of John, repentance and baptism, preparatory to 
the reception of the kingdom of the expected 
Messiah. > 

Aquila and Priscilla, Paul's former companions, 
were at that time in Ephesus, and seeing the zeal 
and spirit of Apollos, they made an associate of 
him, and " expounded unto him the way of God 
more perfectly." He was not slow to receive 
their instruction, and so greatly were the Ephesian 
Christians persuaded of his sincerity and zeal, that 
on his purposing to visit Achaia they gave him 
letters of recommendation to the brethren there, 
by whom he was kindly received, and to whom 
he became a source of great help in convincing 
the Jews, out of their own Scriptures, that Jesus 
was the Christ. Nay, so great was his eloquence, 
that Paul refers to him as watering and nurturing 
the seed which he himself had planted at Corinth 
(1 Cor. iii. 16) ; and many of the converts in that 
city were disposed to set him up as the head of a 
party in opposition to their first teacher. 



166 SUCCESS OF ST. PAUL 

Whilst he was thus usefully engaged in increas- 
ing the number at Corinth of those who believed 
through grace, Paul returned, according to his 
purpose made known to them in his first visit the 
year preceding, to Ephesus (a.d. 55). On his 
arrival he found there twelve disciples, who had 
imbibed the doctrines first taught by Apollos, 
having been baptized unto John's baptism, and 
being ignorant of the name and power of the 
Holy Ghost. Paul explained to them the nature 
of that baptism ; that it was preparatory to the 
reception of Jesus Christ, whose messenger John 
had been, and whose baptism was not of repent- 
ance and water, but of water and the Holy Ghost. 
"When they heard this they were baptized in 
the name of the Lord Jesus ; " and by the laying 
on of Paul's hands, as Peter had before done to 
the Samaritan converts, the gift of the Holy 
Spirit, of whose existence they had previously 
been ignorant, was conveyed to them, so that 
"they spake with tongues and prophesied." For 
three months the Apostle exerted himself at 
Ephesus, speaking boldly in the synagogue, " dis- 
puting and persuading the things concerning the 
kingdom of God." But the inveterate spirit of 
Judaism resisted his appeals, and compelled him 
according to the advice which he had given the 
Thessalonians to "withdraw himself from them 



AT EPHESUS. 167 

that walked disorderly." Those that believed fol- 
lowed him from the synagogue of the Jews to the 
school of one Tyrannus, in which he disputed daily 
for the space of two years, during which time the 
word of the Lord Jesus was spread throughout 
the whole of Asia among both Jews and Greeks. 

The period of his abode at Ephesus was dis- 
tinguished not only by the power and success of 
his preaching, but by the working of miracles 
upon the bodies even of the absent sick, and by the 
driving out of evil spirits. Ephesus was a strong- 
hold of idolatry ; and it is worthy of remark that 
the followers of the lowly Galilean seem to have 
chosen out as the scenes of their mission, not the 
obscure or isolated places of the earth, but rather 
those towns and cities which were abundant in 
population and mighty in worldly wisdom — places 
foremost in heathen greatness. Hence we find 
them at Csesarea, Antioch, Corinth, Ephesus, 
Athens. Ephesus, the scene of Paul's present 
labours, was distinguished not only for the splen- 
dour of the temple of the heathen goddess Diana, 
which was one of the seven w r onders of the world, 
but for the practice of magical arts, which were 
so generally practised that Ephesian incantations 
became proverbial, and Ephesian letters were be- 
lieved to possess a sovereign efficacy in charms 
and incantations. Nor was the practice of magic 



168 GROWTH OF THE GOSPEL 

confined to heathen idolaters. There were at that 
time vagabond Jews in Ephesus, who followed 
the same deluding but prohibited customs. Not 
content with their former arts, and names, and 
words of incantation, they took up the name of 
Jesus, as possessing a charm superior to them all — 
a name which Paul used for the miraculous healing 
of diseases, and for the expulsion of evil spirits. 
But as the Egyptian magicians were foiled in 
their own arts by the superior powers exercised 
by Moses in the name of Jehovah ; so at Ephesus, 
by the power of the Holy Spirit, these vagabond 
Jewish magicians were rebuked by the man on 
whom they were exercising their delusions. The 
evil spirit, as in the case of the demoniacs at Ca- 
pernaum in the presence of Christ, acknowledged 
they knew Jesus, whose name had been used, and 
Paul who was authorised to use that name, but 
they refused to acknowledge the authority of those 
pretenders to the power of working miracles. This 
signal failure of the magicians, contrasted with 
the success which attended the Apostle, had the 
effect of advancing the truth and power of Him in 
whose name Paul preached, and of detecting the 
fallacy of that art by which the seven sons of Sceva, 
chief of the Jewish priests, would have imposed 
upon the people. Whilst, therefore, it destroyed 
the credit and influence of the one, it demon- 



AT EPHESUS. 169 

strated and established the claims of the other ; 
and so great was the impression it made upon 
the Ephesians, that not only was the name of 
the Lord Jesus magnified, but many both believed 
and confessed, and made a public exposition of 
their former deeds; whilst others who had "used 
curious arts/'' brought and piled up together their 
magic books, in which the Ephesian letters were 
enrolled, and burned them before all men. The 
value of these books was 50,000 pieces of silver, 
which, according to the value attached to different 
silver coins used by the ancients, would vary from 
1875/. to 7500/. This was indeed a triumph of 
God over Mammon ! this was counting all things 
loss to win Christ ! " So mightily grew the Word 
of God and prevailed ! ;; (a.d. 56.) 



CHAPTER XV. 

A.D. 56. 

ACTS XIX. 21 ; XX. 

First Epistle to the Corinthians. — Church at Ephesus. — Paul's 
Departure for Macedonia. — Timothy. — First Epistle to 
Timothy. — Second Visit to Macedonia. — Second Epistle 
to the Corinthians. — Third Visit to them. — Epistle to the 
Romans . — Troas . — Eutychus. — Pathetic Separation from 
the Ephesian Bishops at Miletus. 

The object of the Apostle's long residence at 
Ephesus was now well-nigh accomplished. He 
began , therefore, to form fresh plans for renewing 
his journey to those places in Europe where he 
had already planted Christian Churches — Philippi, 
Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, and Corinth. He was 
anxious to revisit them, and strengthen them in 
the faith, and encourage them by his personal 
exhortations to persevere steadfast unto the end. 
His purpose was to retrace nearly the same route 
which he had used in his first visit to them, and 
then to proceed to Jerusalem, remarking, " after 
I have been there, I must also see Rome." 

But before he entered upon this visit to them, 
he thought it prudent to send forward Timothy 



FIRST EPISTLE TO THE CORINTHIANS. 171 

and Erastus. The former he had employed and 
found faithful in a similar mission to the Thessa- 
lonians; of the latter we have had no previous 
mention : but in the Epistle to the Romans (xvi. 
23), he is called Chamberlain of the City of Co- 
rinth j and we read of him several years subse- 
quently as abiding still at Corinth. (2 Tim. iv. 20.) 
His intention was to follow them shortly into 
Macedonia ; but having heard of several irregular 
proceedings in the Church at Corinth, which was 
reported to him to be torn by dissensions of 
Judaizing Christians and Gentile converts, who 
still adhered to their former habits of licentious- 
ness, and by the worldly wisdom of philosophizing 
pretenders to the truth, he found it necessary first 
to write to the Church of God which was in Co- 
rinth a plain exposition, of the truths which he 
wished to maintain, of the errors he desired to 
refute, and of the duties, the observance of which 
he was anxious to enforce. This was his First 
Epistle to the Corinthians (a.d. 57), in which he 
not only asserted his own dignity as an Apostle, 
in opposition to those who pretended to despise 
his authority, but reproved the irregular conduct 
of those who had introduced disorders and un- 
profitable questions into the Church, by which 
the pure faith which he had taught was in danger 
of being adulterated. He also gave earnest di- 



172 BELIEVERS AT EPHESUS. 

rections to the disciples, both in respect of their 
own personal conduct, and the necessity of ad- 
hering to soundness of doctrine and regularity of 
constituted discipline. 

We learn, also, from this Epistle, that during 
his abode at Ephesus some of his former friends 
gathered round, and held communion with him. 
Thus Sosthenes, who on the occasion of the up- 
roar at Corinth was beaten by the Greeks almost 
in the presence of Gallio, is associated with the 
Apostle in his opening address to the Church at 
Corinth (i. 1) ; from which we infer that he had 
become subsequently a convert to that faith which 
he had before despised. We read too of some 
of the household of Chloe (ii. 1), who brought 
him the report that there were contentions among 
the Corinthians. Apollos also had returned unto 
him after his successful preaching at Corinth (xvi. 
12), having refused to accompany Timothy and 
Erastus on their mission, apprehensive, probably, 
of fomenting the spirit of disunion which had 
arisen from some of the converts setting him up 
in preference to Paul. His abiding with the 
Apostle was the best practical reproof he could 
give such mistaken professors, and is an instruc- 
tive instance of Christian humility and peace. 

There were also with Paul, Stephanas, one of 
the first-fruits of the spiritual seed-time in Achaia 



TUMULT AT EPHESUS. 173 

(xvi. 15), and Fortunatus and Achaicus (17), and 
Aquila and Priscilla (19). Onesiphorus, who 
was afterwards so faithful to him in his bonds at 
Rome, " ministered in many things unto him at 
Ephesus." (2 Tim. i. 18.) Among the many 
converts made during his ministry at Ephesus 
are reckoned Epaphras, who was afterwards a 
faithful minister at Colosse (i. 7), and Philemon, 
to whom the Apostle wrote an epistle in behalf of 
his runaway slave Onesimus. 

But his ministration at Ephesus, so protracted 
and abounding with so many trophies of his zeal 
and perseverance, was at length interrupted and 
brought to an end, not as on all other occasions 
in other places by the Jews, but by Demetrius, 
an Ephesian craftsman, a maker of images of the 
goddess Diana. He, finding that the worship of 
the goddess was falling into disrepute in conse- 
quence of the success of Paul's preaching, and 
his trade injured by the fact of so many abjuring 
idolatry and becoming worshippers of the one true 
God, which forbids all use of images, stirred up 
a commotion among his fellow-craftsmen, which 
threw the whole city into confusion. During the 
tumult which ensued, there were seized and forci- 
bly dragged into the theatre, where games were 
celebrated in honour of Diana, Gaius, one of the 



174 EFFECTS OF THE TUMULT. 

Apostle's converts at Corinth, and in whose house 
he sojourned for some time, and one of the few 
whom he himself there baptized, and Aristarchus, 
who subsequently was a companion in captivity 
with him at Rome. (Col. iv. 10.) 

Paul was not suffered by his friends and some 
of the chief men of Asia to adventure himself into 
the midst of the tumult. Whilst the rioters, who, 
like most mobs of this description, had no settled 
purpose of unity of sentiment, or reasonable 
grounds for their conduct, were advancing various 
and contradictory charges, the Jews, in order to 
shelter themselves from being visited with the 
same illegal violence, as well as to shew their ma- 
licious spirit against Paul, put forth a copper- 
smith, named Alexander, to defend them. This 
Alexander is supposed to be the same who is men- 
tioned in connexion with Hymeneus, as having 
made shipwreck of his faith (1 Tim. i. 20), and as 
being an evil opponent of the Apostle. (2 Tim. iv. 
14.) But he was not permitted to make his de- 
fence by the multitude, whose vociferation of 
" Great is Diana of the Ephesians ! " drowned all 
other speech. The tumult was, after two hours, 
appeased by the Town-clerk or Recorder, who, in 
a cautious and prudent address, shewed the people 
not only the folly of their proceedings, but the 



TIMOTHY, BISHOP OE EPHESUS. 175 

risk they incurred of being called in question for 
that day's uproar, according to the Roman law in 
such cases. 

The Apostle escaped this violence, but it caused 
him to determine to carry into effect, without fur- 
ther delay, his purpose of leaving Ephesus. Having, 
therefore, taken an affectionate farewell of the 
brethren, he departed from them to go into Ma- 
cedonia, accompanied by Aristarchus and Secundus 
of Thessalonica, and Gaius of Derbe. (a.d. 57.) 
Timothy had returned to Ephesus before his de- 
parture from his mission into Macedonia, and to 
his care and superintendence the Church planted 
in that city was committed. 

This Timothy had been converted by Paul and 
Barnabas in their first apostolic journey at Lystra, 
where his pious mother Eunice, and grandmother 
Lois, were residing, by whom he had been brought 
up in the fear and nurture of the Lord, and care- 
fully instructed in the Jewish Scriptures. His 
father was a Greek. At Paul's second visit to 
Lystra, he found Timothy held in such high re- 
pute by the Church in that place, and so highly 
commended by the members of it, that he de- 
termined to associate him with himself and Sil- 
vanus. When present with him, Timothy acted 
as his minister ; and on other occasions he was 
sent as his messenger, whenever any special occa- 



176 FIRST EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY. 

sion required, to the various churches under the 
Apostle's care. His faithful discharge of these 
important duties endeared him still more to the 
Apostle, and obtained for him a good report in 
all the Churches. He was, therefore, a fitting 
person, both by education and experience, to be 
entrusted with the guardianship and management 
of the large and important church at Ephesus. 

To strengthen him in that important work, as 
well in regard to the treatment of opponents and 
misguided brethren, as in respect of his own con- 
duct as a Christian bishop, the Apostle, on his 
arrival in Macedonia, wrote the First Epistle to 
Timothy (a.d. 57). 

This Epistle, therefore, like that to Titus, 
abounds with episcopal maxims, and directions to 
Timothy how to proceed in suppressing the various 
corruptions and perverse teachings of the dis- 
turbers of the Church entrusted to his charge, 
for Demetrius and his heathen associates were not 
the only adversaries of the truth — the Jewish 
leaven was at work, and caused dissensions and 
disturbances among the professors of the Chris- 
tian faith. 

The Apostle, not finding Titus, as he expected, 
at Troas (2 Cor. ii. 12), went from thence into 
Macedonia, where he encountered much tribula- 
tion from the dissensions of believers and the op- 



SECOND EPISTLE TO THE CORINTHIANS. 177 

position of infidels. His zealous soul, however, 
found some consolation and comfort from Titus, 
who came to him from the Church of Corinth, 
and having found him at Philippi, reported to 
him the gratifying effect of his letter to the be- 
lievers in that city (2 Cor. vii. 5-7). Timothy 
had also followed him from Ephesus, and re- 
joined him at Philippi; from which place, filled 
with joy, but at the same time seeing the necessity 
of following up the effect already produced, he 
wrote and sent by Titus (viii. 16, 17) his Second 
Epistle to the Corinthians (a.d. 58), in which he 
commends their submission to his directions, re- 
joices in their faith, encourages them to further 
improvement, justifies his owm apostolical autho- 
rity, and exposes the corrupt reasoning and un- 
just pretensions of a false teacher, who still con- 
tinued to pervert the minds of some and lead them 
from the truth. It is worthy of remark that the 
beginning of this Epistle indicates most clearly 
the time of its composition, by a touching re- 
ference to his escape from the turbulence w r hich 
beset and drove him from Ephesus. 

From Macedonia he proceeded, taking in his 
way Amphipolis, Philippi, Thessalonica, and 
Berea, into Achaia, where he abode three months. 
During this sojourn he visited Corinth for the 
third time, according to his oft-repeated promise, 

x 



178 EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS. 

having visited them (a.d. 51) on occasion of their 
first conversion; and subsequently, on his way 
from Nicopolis to Syria, where we read of the 
proceedings of himself and Aquila at Cenchrea 
(a.d. 53). 

He had intended to sail from Corinth to Syria, 
as he had done four years before, but was pre- 
vented by an ambush of the Jews. He was con- 
strained, therefore, to return through Macedonia, 
having sent forward to Troas his companions, 
Sopater of Berea, Aristarchus and Secundus of 
Thessalonica, Gaius of Derbe, Timothy, and Ty- 
chicus and Trophimus of Asia (Acts, xx. 4). 
Luke had now rejoined him, having probably ac- 
companied him from Philippi, where he had been 
left on the first visit of- the Apostle to that place. 

It was at this period, before leaving Corinth, 
that Paul composed his celebrated Epistle (a.d. 58) 
to the Romans, who consisted as well of Jewish 
as of Gentile converts. It is justly considered his 
most elaborate composition, abounding with the 
most impressive arguments, set forth in the noblest 
and most sublime diction. Addressed as well to 
Jews as Gentiles, it depicts the original depravity 
of man, which rendered both the Law of Moses 
and the wisdom of philosophy alike insufficient 
to salvation. Hence is deduced the necessity of 
faith in Christ as the only means of justification, 



THE CHRISTIAN SABBATH. 179 

and the foundation of all moral and social duties, 
to the discharge of which he earnestly and affec- 
tionately exhorts all professors of the Gospel. The 
text or summary of the epistle may be considered 
as expressed in this, that " the Gospel is the 
power of God unto salvation to every one that 
believeth." 

There had remained with him in Corinth Ti- 
mothy and Lucius, and Jason, and Gaius, and 
Sopater, and Aristarchus, and Secundus, who ac- 
companied him thence to Philippi, from which 
place, after the days of unleavened bread, he 
sailed to Troas, which he reached in five days. 
Mention is here made of public worship on the 
first day of the week, which Christians call the 
Lord's day, and observe with solemnity as their 
Sabbath, being the memorial of the resurrection 
of their Lord and Master Jesus Christ. As, 
therefore, the first Sabbath after the creation was 
the memorial of the rest of Almighty God from 
the work which he had finished on the day pre- 
ceding, and was, indeed, the first day of the com- 
plete world; so was the day of the resurrection 
the first of the rest of Jesus Christ from his work 
of redemption, in having " died for our sins, and 
risen again for our justification." 

The first day of the week, which is the Christian 
Sabbath, is a remembrance one day in seven of 



180 MIRACLE AT TROAS. 

the great work of man's redemption, and forms, 
therefore, a fitting period for the observance of 
those duties of religion, which keep up a closer and 
more devout connexion between the redeemed and 
the Redeemer, between the created and the Crea- 
tor. Hence the necessity of keeping this day 
holy; and hence we find not only reference to 
the assembling together of Christians for public 
communion of prayer and other religious exercises, 
in the Epistle to the Corinthians and in other 
passages of the New Testament ; but during the 
stay of the Apostle and his company at Troas, we 
read of Paul's preaching unto the brethren, who 
had come together on the first day of the week to 
break bread. On this occasion of his preaching, 
which he lengthened out to a late period of the 
night, because he had many things to say unto 
them, being about to take his departure from them 
on the morrow, a young man named Eutychus, who 
had been overcome with sleep, fell from an elevated 
part of the building, and was taken up dead. The 
confusion which ensued was immediately quieted 
by Paul's assurance of his speedy restoration to 
life, which took place in his falling upon him, in 
the same manner as Elijah had done in respect of 
the son of the widow of Zareptha, and Elisha 
with the child of the Shunamitish woman. (1 
Kings, xvii. 21; 2 Kings, iv. 34). The Apostle 



THE EPHESIAN BISHOPS. 181 

renewed his discourse, which continued until early 
dawn, and which must have been impressed more 
deeply upon the hearts of his hearers, from the 
comfort which they experienced in seeing their 
dead friend restored to the assembly in life. 

On the following morning the Apostle sent 
forward Luke and the rest of his company by 
ship to Assos, to which he journeyed on foot. 
From Assos they all sailed together to Mitylene, 
in the island of Lesbos ; from Mitylene the next 
day they reached Chios, famous for its wines. 
Their next stage was Samos ; thence steering to- 
wards the Asiatic coast they reached Trogyllium, 
where they made a short sojourn. Resuming 
their voyage, in one day they reached the famous 
city of Miletus. It had been the purpose of the 
Apostle to proceed from Miletus to Ephesus, but 
finding that he had not sufficient time to fulfil 
that purpose, and be at Jerusalem on the day of 
Pentecost, which he much desired, he sent to 
Ephesus, and summoned the Elders of the Church 
to come to him there. These Elders were the 
Overseers or Bishops of the several congregations, 
over which they had been appointed either by the 
Apostle during his residence among them, or by 
Timothy, whom he left behind him, charged with 
instructions to lay hands suddenly on no man, 
when he departed to visit Macedonia. 



182 FAREWELL AT MILETUS. 

These Elders are addressed by the Apostle as 
Bishops, yet it appears he held an authority supe- 
rior to them, for he commanded their attendance 
and they obeyed his summons. His address to 
them — his parting farewell — was touchingly affec- 
tionate, full of devout warning and holy caution. 
The simple narrative of the sympathy between 
Paul and the Ephesian Elders is thus beautifully 
given by an eye-witness : " He kneeled down and 
prayed with them all. And they all wept sore, 
and fell on Paul's neck, and kissed him ; sorrowing 
most of all for the words which he spake, that they 
should see his face no more. And they accom- 
panied him unto the ship." 



CHAPTER XVI. 

A.D. 58. 

ACTS XXI. XXJI. XXIII. 

Tyre. — Ptolemais. — Philip and his Daughters. — Agabus. — 
Caesarea. — Arrival at Jerusalem. — Alms delivered by 
Paul. — Performance of a Vow in the Temple. — An Uproar 
of the Asiatic Jews. — Paul rescued by the Roman Guard. 
— The Sanhedrim divided in Opinion. — A Divine Vision 
to Paul by Night. — His Departure from Jerusalem, and 
Arrival at Caesarea. 

With difficulty Paul and his company were se- 
parated from their sorrowing brethren of the con- 
tinent of Asia, so affectionately desirous were they 
to linger his departure, by the expression of their 
devoted attachment to him whose zeal they had 
witnessed in the cause of Christ, and whose tender 
concern for their welfare, and the future interests 
of the churches established among them, they had 
seen and experienced. The whole force of this 
now flooded their hearts and minds in this their 
hour of parting — parting for ever in this world 
from one so beloved, so honoured, who, in his own 
conduct, gave a lively proof of his personification 



184 PHOENICIA. 

of their Master's words, u It is more blessed to 
give than to receive." 

From Miletus the apostolic company sailed to 
the islands Coos and Rhodes, and to Patara on 
the continent not far from Myra, in Lycia. Here 
they found a vessel ready to sail into Phoenicia. 
In this they embarked, and skirting the island of 
Cyprus on their left, they reached the country of 
Syria, and landed at Tyre, where they remained 
seven days. 

The maritime part of Syria, with a slight ex- 
ception on the north, is called Phoenicia, famous 
for its culture of navigation antecedent to all 
other nations, and for its consequent advancement 
in science and the works of art. A Phoenician, 
Cadmus, the reputed founder of Thebes in Boeotia, 
has the honour of being considered the inventor 
of letters, and to Phoenician or Tyrian artists 
was intrusted the management of those glorious 
works, which rendered the Temple built by So- 
lomon at Jerusalem the wonder of surrounding 
nations. Tyre itself was the most celebrated place 
of commerce mentioned in ancient history. A 
sacred penman has described her merchants as 
princes. It was from this neighbourhood that the 
woman came, whose faith drew from the Saviour 
his approving commendation, and the working of 
a miracle for the benefit of her daughter. There 



TYRE. 185 

had been, at the time of the Apostle's visit, already 
established at Tyre a community of brethren, 
some of whom foretold to Paul the danger he 
would encounter in going up to Jerusalem, and 
dissuaded him from continuing his journey. But 
the appearance of danger daunted not the Apostle. 
He had already experienced that in every city 
bonds and imprisonment awaited him ; but a 
necessity was laid on him to preach the Gospel. 
He could not draw back. He held not his own 
life dear unto himself. A greater woe would 
fall upon his drawing back than upon his going 
forward. At the end of his faithful service, how- 
ever laborious and beset with difficulties and dan- 
gers, was placed a crown of life, the reward of 
well-doing ; and the course between was sweetened 
and encouraged by the present comfort and con- 
solation of heart, arising from a consciousness 
of duty performed, which the world could neither 
give nor take away. Could he then forego such 
present comforts and the prospect of such future 
glory, though bought by afflictions, and stripes, 
and death, by yielding to a cowardly spirit, the 
indulgence of which might possibly screen him 
from outward persecutions, but could not shelter 
him from the worm of conscious scorn and con- 
tempt, which would have gnawed his inmost soul, 
as the reward here of treachery and cowardice, 



186 PTOLEMAIS. 

and that still more bitter portion hereafter laid up 
for blasphemers and workers of iniquity before 
God ? He, therefore, stood inflexible to their en- 
treaties, though flowing from truth, and urged 
with all the intense interest of brotherly kindness. 

The departure of the Apostle from Tyre was 
attended by a like display of affectionate sym- 
pathy which had so beautifully marked his se- 
paration from the episcopal conclave at Miletus. 
So much was he endeared to the brethren at Tyre, 
that not only men and women, but even children, 
accompanied him and his friends on their way to 
the ship. Who shall say that those children had 
not put on Christ by baptism, or that the remem- 
brance of that parting scene would have no in- 
fluence on the days of the years of their maturer 
age, confirming their faith, and consoling them in 
the trials which awaited their Christian course ! 

The Tyrian brethren " returned home again," 
whilst Paul and Luke and their companions pro- 
ceeded onward to Ptolemais, which derived its 
name from the designation of the kings of Egypt, 
who were called Ptolemies, as the Roman emperors 
were surnamed Csesars. Its ancient name was 
Accho (Judges i. 31), from which may have been 
derived its modern one of Acre by the Turks, 
and Akka by the Arabs. During the Crusades 
it was the scene of many a bloody exploit, and in 



GOSPEL INFLUENCE. 187 

modern days of a remarkable one in which Sir 
Sidney Smith so mainly contributed to the defeat 
of Buonaparte, by which his hitherto victorious 
career in Egypt and Syria was averted, and him- 
self compelled to return a lonely fugitive to Eu- 
rope. 

From Ptolemais the apostolic company pro- 
ceeded to Csesarea, where they took up their abode 
in the house of Philip the Evangelist, who had 
been ordained Deacon by the Apostles, and by 
whom the eunuch had been converted at Azotus 
after the dispersion of the brethren from Jeru- 
salem on the persecution by Saul. We see here 
the healing influence of the Christian faith. Philip, 
fourteen years before, had been compelled to flee 
for his life from Jerusalem, in consequence of the 
fiery spirit of persecution shewn by the very man 
whom he now received under his roof; but oh, 
how changed ! Then a persecutor, breathing out 
nothing but slaughter and imprisonment ; now, 
on all hands himself beset by persecution, and the 
object of the desolating vengeance of that party 
whose advocate and instrument of cruelty he had 
formerly delighted to be. During his sojourn 
with Philip, who had four virgin daughters gifted 
with the spirit of prophecy, there came a certain 
prophet from Judea, whose name was Agabus. 
This man, by a significant action with PauFs 



188 TRUE COURAGE. 

girdle, foretold his imprisonment at Jerusalem, 
and consequent transfer to the jurisdiction of the 
Gentiles. This intimation caused a renewal of 
the entreaty which had been so affectionately 
urged upon him at Tyre, that he would not go up 
to Jerusalem, but with the same result : nay, 
though the entreaty was seconded by Luke and 
those who accompanied him, the Apostle was not 
to be diverted from his purpose even by tears. 
" What mean ye," said he, " to weep and break 
mine heart, for I am ready not to be bound only, 
but to die at Jerusalem for the name of the Lord 
Jesus?" 

It is remarked of grief that it is infectious. 
Courage is not less so ; more especially that cou- 
rage which is of the soul, producing a cheerful 
resignation under all circumstances, and which 
despises not life, however it fears not death. 

Philip, and Luke, and Agabus, and the rest, 
seeing the fixed resolve of the Apostle, ceased from 
their importunity, and shewed the spirit by which 
they were actuated, saying, " The will of the Lord 
be done." 

The short period from his arrival at Miletus, to 
his departure from Csesarea, must be considered 
as, a peculiar part of the Apostle's career. It was 
one high and unclouded sunshine of affectionate 
zeal displayed towards him wherever he went. 



st. Paul's last visit to Jerusalem. 189 

It is as difficult to bear such sunshine with equa- 
nimity, as to brave the clouds of persecution, such 
as had hung on his head and darkened his steps 
for months and years before. But if in perse- 
cution we find him undismayed, so in the calm of 
enjoyment he is true to his purpose; and in both 
bent only on doing good to others, in imitation 
of the conduct of his Great Exemplar, whose ser- 
vants he had persecuted and name blasphemed, 
but whose Gospel he had preached, and whose 
followers were now dearer to him than his own life. 

After tarrying seven days at Csesarea, the apo- 
stolic company resumed their journey, travelling 
by land to Jerusalem, accompanied also by some of 
the brethren at Csesarea and an old disciple from 
Cyprus, called Mnason, who had a house in the 
holy city in which they were to lodge. 

Their arrival at Jerusalem was a source of glad- 
ness to the brethren residing there. On the day 
following, Paul and his friends went into an as- 
sembly of the elders presided over by James, 
bishop of Jerusalem. In his Epistle to the Ro- 
mans (xv. 31) he had asked for their prayers, 
that " his service which he had for Jerusalem 
might be accepted of the saints." That service, 
consisting of the alms which the Gentile converts 
had intrusted to him for the relief of their 
brethren of the circumcision, he now gladly ren- 



190 THE ASIATIC GREEKS 

dered, together with an account of his various jour- 
neyings to and fro, his labours and preaching, and 
" particularly what things God had wrought among 
the Gentiles by his ministry." This account they 
received with that joy which caused them to glorify 
the Lord. But in order that the good which had 
been done might not be evil spoken of by those 
of the bigoted Jews, who had not yet learned that 
the Christian profession is a law of liberty, they 
suggested to Paul an expedient, which they 
thought calculated to mitigate their rancour and 
disarm their prejudice. The Jews were much 
addicted to vows and ceremonies. They enter- 
tained, therefore, a strong hostility towards him 
because of his open and uncompromising advo- 
cacy of the law of liberty — mingling in their 
charge against him truth and falsehood. What- 
ever, therefore, could be done by the Apostle 
which, without compromising any principle or 
running counter to any expressed declaration, 
might tend to undeceive their prejudices, and 
prove the fallacy of their accusation, it became the 
duty not only of the assembly to suggest, but of 
the Apostle to perform. Accordingly, with all 
readiness, he followed their advice ; in the per- 
formance of which, whilst he was present in the 
Temple, according to the Law of Moses, the 
Asiatic Jews who had been his persecutors in the 



PERSECUTE ST. PAUL. 191 

various cities of that continent in which he had 
planted churches, raised a disturbance against 
him, and laying hands on him accused him not 
only of blasphemy, but of polluting the Temple 
by introducing Greeks into it. 

In the commotion which ensued, Paul was 
dragged out of the Temple, the gates of which 
were immediately shut. The interposition of the 
Romans saved him from impending death ; but 
not from fetters, for as a common malefactor he 
was bound with two chains at the command of 
the chief captain. The Roman garrison was kept 
in a castle which communicated with the Temple 
by a staircase. To this castle he was being con- 
ducted amid the discordant clamour of his adver- 
saries, when the press of the people was so great 
against him, that the soldiers were under the 
necessity of carrying the prisoner in their arms to 
save him from the violence of those who pursued 
him with furious rancour. 

Before, however, he reached the castle, he ob- 
tained permission of the chief captain, to whom 
he had made known his country, to speak to 
the people, whom he addressed in the Hebrew 
tongue, as men, brethren, and fathers. His 
declaration of his former life as a persecutor of 
that faith to which he was afterwards specially 
called, that he might be sent unto the Gentiles, 



192 THE ROMAN CITIZEN. 

was listened to with forbearance,, until lie made 
mention of the Gentiles. His allusion to them 
roused again the angry passions of his countrymen, 
and renewed the commotion so violently against 
him, that the chief captain, judging from his 
unsuccessful attempt to appease them, that he 
was, as he had previously intimated to him his sus- 
picion, a factious demagogue and stirrer up of se- 
dition, ordered him to be examined by scourging. 
It was not lawful to scourge a Roman citizen. 
The Apostle, therefore, pleaded this immunity in 
virtue of his birth, being a native of Tarsus, the 
inhabitants of which enjoyed the rights and pri- 
vileges of Roman citizens, — a prerogative be- 
stowed upon them by Julius Csesar, as a reward 
for their services to him. This declaration had 
the effect of staying the scourging, and obtaining 
for him greater consideration from the Roman 
commander, who, on the following day, loosed 
him from his fetters, and brought him into the 
presence of the Jewish Sanhedrim, whom he had 
called together for the purpose of knowing the 
certainty wherefore he was accused by the Jews. 

As he was proceeding to protest his innocency, 
he was commanded by the high-priest to be struck 
on the mouth. This high-priest, Ananias, was 
a person of great cruelty, acting, at all times, 
rather from the impulse of a tyrannical disposition 



ST. PAUL BEFORE ANANIAS. 193 

than from the principles of prudence and justice. 
He had been dispossessed of his office about the 
fourth year of Claudius Csesar, about the time of 
the Apostolic Council at Jerusalem (a.d. 49), 
and sent prisoner to Rome. His successor was 
Jonathan, who was now dead, having been lately 
murdered by command of Felix the Roman go- 
vernor j and as the office had not yet been filled 
up, Ananias, at this juncture, took upon himself 
the presidency of the Sanhedrim, and acted as 
high-priest of his own accord. This circumstance 
may account for PauFs not acknowledging him 
in that office, and for rebuking him for conduct 
unbecoming a judge, for he could not recognize 
him or his authority, who having been once dis- 
placed had not again been formally restored to it. 
The earnest gaze with which the Apostle had 
scrutinized the members of the Council on his 
entrance, enabled him to judge of their characters 
and peculiar opinions. Some of them were pro- 
bably well known to him in his former days, 
part being Pharisees and part Sadducees. With 
great address he took advantage of this circum- 
stance, and thereby gave an evidence that even 
the perfection of innocence should not render us 
regardless of the exercise of common prudence 
and the advantages of incidental circumstances. 
His declaration that he was a Pharisee, and that 

o 



194 THE COUNCIL DIVIDED. 

on account of his belief in the resurrection of the 
dead he was then called in question, produced a 
sensation in his favour by dividing the assembly, 
and gaining the favour of the Pharisees, who 
warmly protested his innocency and claimed at- 
tention to him, as one " to whom a spirit or an 
angel had spoken." But this avowal was in direct 
opposition to the Sadducees, who deny, not only 
the resurrection, but also the agency of angels 
and spirits, and, therefore, incensed them the more 
against him. So great was the dissension which 
arose in the assembly that the chief captain, fear- 
ing for Paul's safety, commanded his soldiers to 
interfere and carry him back to the castle. 

The effect of this scene of uproar, which by 
affording another proof of the undying spirit of 
revenge and gross corruption by which his coun- 
trymen were actuated, might have had a depress- 
ing influence on his heart and spirit, was counter- 
acted by a vision, which on the night following 
appeared and bade him be of good cheer, and 
pointed out to him the office which awaited him 
at Rome. At Corinth, when he had been thwarted 
and persecuted (a.d. 52) by his countrymen, a 
vision reassured his confidence, and heartened him 
to persevere ; so now at Jerusalem, the favouring 
approbation of his Divine Master was not want- 
ing. It visited him in prison, and filled him with 



ST. PAUL ESCORTED FROM JERUSALEM. 195 

confidence when all around him appeared cheerless 
and void of hope. And truly such evidence of 
the protection of the Most High was needed, for 
not only was there the remembrance of the scenes 
of the two last days to make sad the soul of him 
who could wish himself accursed for his brethren's 
sake, but the morning had scarcely risen before he 
was apprised of a conspiracy of more than forty per- 
sons, who had bound themselves by a horrible oath 
to destroy him. The existence of this unholy league 
was revealed to him by his sister's son, who being 
brought at Paul's request by one of the centurions 
into the presence of Lysias the chief captain, dis- 
closed to him the conspiracy, the plan of which 
was to set upon him on his way from the castle to 
the council-chamber of the Sanhedrim. 

As Lysias was anxious to avoid occasion of a 
popular tumult, as well as to protect the Apostle, 
he immediately gave him into the custody of two 
centurions, charging them to conduct him in safety 
to Csesarea, with a guard of two hundred spearmen 
and seventy horse-soldiers. They left Jerusalem 
the same evening at nine o'clock, and having 
reached Antipatris in safety on the following day, 
part of the escort, consisting of the foot-soldiers, 
left them. Antipatris, so named by Herod the 
Great in honour of his father Antipater, was 
about forty miles distant from the Holy City. 



196 ARRIVAL AT C^ISAREA. 

Resuming their journey on the morrow, the horse- 
men conducted him in safety to Csesarea, which 
was about thirty miles further. There, together 
with an epistle from Claudius Lysias, their captain, 
they delivered Paul to Felix, the Roman governor, 
who, after asking him a few questions, " com- 
manded him to be kept in Herod's judgment- 
hall." 



CHAPTER XVII. 

a.d. 58-60. 
ACTS XXIV. XXV. XXVI. 

Tertullus accuses Paul before Felix. — Drusilla. — Paul's De- 
fence — Festus. — Paul again accused. — Appeals unto 
Caesar. — Herod Agrippa and Bernice. — His Appeal con- 
firmed. 

The sunshine of private affection which had 
brightened the Apostle's passage from Miletus to 
Csesarea, had soon been succeeded by storm and 
tempests. He had scarcely reached Jerusalem 
before that which his Tyrian friends and Agabus 
had foretold, burst upon him. His countrymen 
were insatiate for his blood. Their self-assumed 
high-priest violated the dignity of the judgment- 
seat ; the people from places afar off stirred up the 
commotion against him; the populace of Jeru- 
salem abetted their violence, and more than forty 
private individuals leagued together under a hor- 
rible vow to take away his life. His innocence 
could not screen him from accusation ; and his pru- 
dence, however it had served to avert instant con- 



198 TERTULLUS, 

demnation, could not effect his deliverance from 
bonds. But " the God of Hosts was with him ; 
the God of Jacob was his refuge." A way of 
release had been opened from the violence of per- 
secution and the dangers of intrigue, and that, 
too, through the agency of those who sat as con- 
querors in the strongholds of his country, and 
wielded not only the spear of Conquest but the 
sword of Justice. 

His prerogative of Roman citizenship had pro- 
cured for him his safe removal from Jerusalem. 
The scene of his trial is now changed, but not 
the passions of his accusers ; for malice knows no 
bounds, revenge no fulness. He was protected 
by Roman superintendence from bodily harm by 
open violence or secret plotting. But he was 
called upon to make his defence in public against 
his inveterate accusers ; for on the fifth day after 
his arrival at Csesarea, Ananias, with the elders 
and a hired orator named Tertullus, came down 
from Jerusalem, and laid their information against 
him before the governor Felix. Tertullus was a 
well-practised pleader, whose talents were at the 
command of his employers, whether for the ad- 
vancement of justice or the persecution of inno- 
cence. 

Ananias and the Sadducean members of the 
Council, Paul's most inveterate enemies, were 



THE HIRED ADVOCATE. 199 

aware of the Apostle's power of speech and strength 
of character, both of which received additional 
weight and force from his innocency of conduct 
and integrity of purpose. To counteract the in- 
fluence of these several promising circumstances, 
they had recourse to the rhetorical pleadings of a 
certain orator, named Tertullus, who, whilst with 
hacknied compliments he endeavoured to con- 
ciliate the favour of the governor, spared not, in 
rude language, to lay his accusation against the 
captive. His address betrays at once the incon- 
sistency of the hired, unscrupulous pleader ; for 
whilst he flattered Felix, before whom he stood, 
he spared not the conduct of Lysias, the chief 
captain, who remained in Jerusalem, and whose 
timely interference in behalf of the calumniated 
Apostle had incurred the rancorous displeasure of 
the Jews. This they testified by their approving 
before the governor all that their orator had ad- 
dressed to him. 

As soon as Tertullus had ceased, and the Jews 
had expressed their assent to his pleading and 
charge as well against Paul as the chief captain, 
permission was given to the accused to speak for 
himself; and readily and well did he plead his 
own cause. He who had refused to recognise 
the authority of the high-priest who presided 
over the Council of his own nation, because he 



200 the apostle's defence. 

deemed his but an usurped office, without hesi- 
tation paid deference to the Roman governor. 
He rendered unto Caesar and Csesar's deputy the 
honour due to their station, although that station 
placed them over his subjugated country ; in the 
same manner as his Divine Master had acknow- 
ledged the duty of paying tribute, even by per- 
forming a miracle to supply him with the means 
of doing so. 

The Apostle's defence of himself was at once 
simple and dignified, clear and explicit. He dis- 
guised no part of his conduct, offered no com- 
promise of his principles, made no recrimination 
against his accusers. The doctrine of the resur- 
rection he avowed again and again, as being that 
to which his accusers, the Sadducees, were most 
opposed, and that distinguishing feature of the 
Gospel, on the confirmation of which depended the 
whole truth of the Christian dispensation. 

The force of his defence may be gathered from 
the circumstance that Felix broke up the court, 
and deferred the re-hearing of the cause until an 
opportunity should occur of bringing Lysias, who 
had been an eye-witness of the uproar, down 
from Jerusalem. The governor appears to have 
made this but a pretext, in order to appease the 
violence of the Jews, for so convinced did he ap- 
pear both of their injustice and Paul's blameless 



DRUSILLA. 201 

conduct, that he commissioned a centurion to pro- 
tect him against their machinations, allowing him 
full liberty and affording a free access to his 
friends and acquaintances, amongst whom might 
be Philip the Deacon, and Cornelius the devout 
centurion, who entertained St. Peter about eighteen 
years before. Nor was this all; something in 
the Apostle's address or doctrine had made an 
impression upon Felix, for on one occasion, when 
his Jewish wife Drusilla was with him at Csesarea, 
he sent for Paul, and " heard him concerning the 
faith in Christ." 

The character of Drusilla, who is called a 
Jewess, may be inferred from the fact mentioned 
by Josephus, of her having abandoned her former 
husband Azizus, king of the Emesenes, who, for 
her sake, had submitted to undergo the rite of 
circumcision, and attached herself to Felix, chiefly, 
it is said, through the devices of one Simon a Jew, 
who pretended to magic arts. She is said to have 
possessed extraordinary beauty. She was the 
daughter of Herod Agrippa, and sister of that 
Agrippa who, subsequent to these events, came to 
pay a complimentary visit to Festus, on occasion 
of his being appointed to the province of Judea. 
This Drusilla also was the second of that name 
whom Felix had married ; for we learn from the 
Roman historian Tacitus, that he had previously 



202 FELIX TREMBLES. 

had to wife Drusilla, a grand-daughter of the 
dissolute Marc Antony and the voluptuous Cleo- 
patra, queen of Egypt. 

Knowing, therefore, the character and peculiar 
vices of his hearers, the Apostle, with his usual 
discrimination and adherence to truth, addressed 
them. The past, the present, and the future were 
alike subjects of his discourse. He spake of righ- 
teousness, in which he must have explained the 
faith of the Lord our Righteousness. He spake 
of temperance, in which, whilst expounding the 
maxims and principles of Gospel holiness, he 
must have reproved the peculiar vices of his au- 
ditors. He spake of judgment to come; the 
resurrection of the dead, both of the just and the 
unjust — to these the portion of undying misery, 
to those the inheritance of everlasting life, plea- 
sures for evermore at the right hand of God. 
And he spake and warned with such force and 
truth, that " Felix trembled." Great cause had 
he to tremble, and, struck with a consciousness of 
his own unholy crimes, shrink from the applica- 
tion of that reasoning. But words of truth are 
ever eloquent ; and whilst Felix trembled, he 
could not but admire the charm and influence 
of the speaker's reasoning. Hence his wavering 
conduct. Ashamed to admit the whole truth, 
yet not willing to close his ears against its cogent 



HIS TREATMENT OF ST. PAUL. 203 

advocacy, he dismissed him for the present, pur- 
posing to hear him again when he might have " a 
convenient season." But although he did find 
many opportunities of holding communion with 
him during the two years he detained the Apostle 
as his prisoner, the convenient season of repent- 
ance from his lust, injustice, and oppression, 
never came. His kindness, however, did not 
abate towards him. Still not even the eloquent 
reasoning of Paul could win him over to the faith 
of Christ, so strongly did the god of this world 
hold possession of his heart. His ruling passion 
of avarice, by which he might minister to his 
gross appetites, prevailed over better impressions, 
so that when he was recalled from his govern- 
ment (a.d. 60) " he left Paul bound." 

He had outraged the feelings of the Jews on 
many occasions by extortion and injustice, until 
he was, on their repeated representations to the 
Emperor, called upon to answer for his conduct 
before his imperial master. Instead, therefore, 
either of liberating the prisoner, or sending for 
Lysias to receive his evidence, in order that he 
might bring the trial to a fair and just conclusion, 
he resolved to leave Paul, against whom he was 
aware many of the Jews were greatly hostile, 
hoping by that sacrifice to their passions to do 
them a pleasure, and thereby palliate their enmity. 



204 PORCIUS FESTUS, 

But even this concession to expediency (and when, 
indeed, do such concessions ever bear good fruit ?) 
did not accomplish what he desired ; for his ene- 
mies followed him to Rome with clamorous accu- 
sations, and would have succeeded in obtaining 
his punishment, had it not been for the interven- 
tion of his brother Pallas, who at that time pos- 
sessed great influence at the imperial court. 

The successor of Felix was Porcius Festus. 
The seat of his government was Csesarea. On 
his arrival from Rome he remained there three 
days, and then proceeded to visit Jerusalem, the 
capital city of the people whom he came to govern. 
He had scarcely arrived in the Holy City before 
the passions of Paul's accusers, repressed for two 
years by the protection which Felix had afforded 
him, again burst out, and caused them to bring 
their accusation against the Apostle before him. 
Time had abated neither their enmity nor their 
treachery. The spirit of the same conspiracy by 
which so many had banded together to slay him in 
Jerusalem, when he was rescued by the promptitude 
of Lysias, was not diminished. They, therefore, 
urged upon Festus, their new governor, the ex- 
pediency of fetching Paul from Csesarea to Jeru- 
salem, on the plea of affording him the opportu- 
nity of impartial justice, whilst their real design 
was to lay an ambush for him in the way to kill 



THE NEW GOVERNOR. 205 

him. It was but a portion of that same treacherous 
design which had induced them, two years before, 
to lay a plot for slaying him in the passage from 
his prison in the castle to the hall of the Sanhe- 
drim, to which they had requested that he might 
be conveyed. 

Their present design appeared to offer an easy 
fulfilment, because in the distance from Csesarea 
to Jerusalem, nearly seventy miles, there were 
many spots favourable to such attempts. They 
were, however, baffled by the prudence and firm- 
ness of Festus, who might probably have received 
some intimation from his predecessor respecting 
the prisoner. For we may easily imagine, that 
although for political and private purposes Felix 
might be willing outwardly to do the Jews a plea- 
sure in detaining a prisoner, against whom the 
hatred of the chief men of the Jews was directed, 
he might yet have such regard for his character 
and powers as to make in private to him a favour- 
able representation of his case. And what more 
favourable statement could be made, than a plain 
detail of the simple facts which had come under 
his own notice ? Festus, therefore, instead of ac- 
ceding to their request, declared his resolution to 
keep Paul at Csesarea, to which place he himself 
was about to return, and directed his accusers to 
accompany him for the purpose of bringing him 



206 ST. PAUL AGAIN ACCUSED. 

to trial. After a sojourn of ten days at Jeru- 
salem, the governor accompanied by the accusing 
Jews returned to his seat of power, and on the 
day following his arrival he commanded Paul to 
be brought before his tribunal, as two years be- 
fore he had been commanded to stand before that 
of Felix. 

That long interval, spent in honourable con- 
finement, had neither abated his vigour nor re- 
laxed the malicious spirit of his persecutors. 
They urged many and grievous complaints against 
him, not one of which they could prove. They 
had malice to prosecute, they wanted power to 
convict. They came round him like bees deprived 
of their stings, for innocence was his shield, in- 
justice their reputation. What a contrast to their 
groundless but malicious accusation does the 
simple but dignified answer of Paul display ! 
And how must his persecutors have quailed before 
its power, when he answered for himself : " Neither 
against the Law of the Jews, neither against the 
Temple, nor yet against Csesar, have I offended 
any thing at all." 

But this calm, energetic assertion of innocence 
against charges which could not be proved, was 
not more admirable in covering the Jews w r ith 
shame and confusion of face, than in his prompt 
and manly rejoinder to Festus, when, out of favour 



HIS ELOQUENT DEFENCE. 207 

to the Jews, he had proposed that the prisoner 
should go up to Jerusalem, and " there be judged 
of these things before him." It reminded, in 
terms of boldness but refined courtesy, the governor 
of his duty, as the representative of Csesar, the 
head of that nation which paid the most prompt 
attention to justice in behalf of all its citizens, one 
of whom Paul was. It re-asserted his innocence, 
whilst at the same time it did not deprecate death 
as the desert of crime. It challenged acquittal 
for innocence, in defiance of the power of any one. 
" I stand," said he, " at Caesar's judgment- seat, 
where I ought to be judged. To the Jews I have 
done no wrong, as thou very well knowest : for if 
I be an offender, or have committed any thing 
worthy of death, I refuse not to die ; but if there 
be none of these things whereof these accuse me, 
no man may deliver me unto them." Then, as if 
to relieve the governor from his struggle between 
the dictates of justice and his inclination towards 
popular favour, and in the exercise of that political 
privilege which he had derived from his birth in 
the city of Tarsus, he added, "I appeal unto 
Csesar." This appeal took the jurisdiction of the 
case out of the power of Festus, by transferring it 
to a higher tribunal. It was a privilege not merely 
granted to Roman citizens, but strictly enforced 



208 THE JULIAN LAW. 

and guarded by the Julian law. # Nay, so sacred 
was this privilege held by Pliny, the Roman go- 
vernor under Trajan, that the right of citizenship 
prevailed over the enormity of being a Christian, 
and obtained for the persecuted worshippers of 
Jesus, who, like Paul, were citizens of Rome, a 
suspension from those sufferings which their 
brethren who were devoid of this privilege were 
exposed to undergo in the Trajan persecution. 
For, writing unto his imperial master in respect 
of the persecuted Christians, he states : " Others 
also were guilty of like foolishness, whom, because 
they were Roman citizens, I have determined to 
send to the city," that is, to Rome, that they 
might have the opportunity of being heard by the 
Emperor himself. 

When, therefore, St. Paul made this appeal, he 
appears to have perplexed Festus ; for it was not 
until he had conferred with his council, consisting 
of his principal friends and captains, that he 
replied, " Hast thou appealed unto Caesar ? Unto 
Csesar shalt thou go ! " 

But as it was not always that an immediate 

* The terms of the Julian law were, that no governor or 
magistrate should slay or order to be slain, or should torture 
or beat, or command to be committed to prison, any Roman 
citizen who appealed to the Emperor. 



KING AGRIPPA. 209 

opportunity occurred for sending Roman citizens 
to the imperial seat of government, to be heard 
in their defence, it was necessary for Festus to 
detain Paul some time at Csesarea. In the mean- 
while it happened that King Agrippa and Bernice 
came to salute the governor. This Agrippa, it is 
to be remembered, was the son of that Agrippa 
who, seventeen years before, "had killed James 
the brother of John with the sword," and stirred 
up a great persecution against St. Peter and the rest 
of the brotherhood (a.d. 43) . On the decease of his 
father, who died a horrid death at Csesarea in the 
year following that persecution, he was but seven- 
teen years of age — too young to be entrusted with 
the care of the kingdom of Judea; which the 
Emperor Claudius therefore, acting upon the 
Roman principle, had immediately converted into 
a province. On the death, however, of his uncle 
Herod, king of Chalcis, the Emperor appointed 
him his successor in that kingdom, which he 
afterwards caused him to resign in exchange for a 
larger dominion in Judea and its adjacent dis- 
tricts. His sister Bernice, who accompanied him 
in this complimentary visit to Festus, had run 
nearly the same kind of dissolute career as her 
sister Drusilla, the second wife of Felix. She had 
first been married to her uncle the King of Chal- 
cis ; then to Polemon, king of Cilicia, who for her 



210 BERNICE. 

sake, as Azizus had done for that of Drusilla, had 
become a proselyte to Judaism. Him she shortly 
afterwards abandoned, and was now living in a 
state of abomination with her brother Herod 
Agrippa. Subsequent to this visit her personal 
charms, which are said to have been of extraor- 
dinary beauty, attracted the attention of Titus 
Vespasian, who became so passionately enamoured 
of her, that but for the unequivocal manifestation 
of dislike by the Romans towards her, he would 
have made her empress. 

These two grandchildren of Herod the Great, 
Herod Agrippa and Bernice, came, at this period 
of PauFs detention in honourable captivity as a 
Roman citizen,. to visit Festus the Roman go- 
vernor, their brother-in-law. Indebted for their 
rank and princely power to the favour of Nero, 
the royal master of Festus, prudent policy, as well 
perhaps as a due regard to his delegated autho- 
rity, apart from then family connexion, led them 
to honour the deputy in a way which might be 
supposed to reflect deference and homage to their 
mutual benefactor. 

During their visit the Roman governor men- 
tioned to his Jewish friends and visitors the case 
of their countryman, and more especially made 
known to them the artifices and application of the 
chief priest and elders at Jerusalem for his sane- 



ST. PAUL BEFORE AGRIPPA. 211 

tion to put him to death, by delivering him over 
to judgment without trial. In respect of this 
unjust application we are reminded of the conduct 
of the same party in the case of our Saviour before 
Pontius Pilate. But in both instances the Roman 
sense of justice revolted from the cruelty of Jewish 
malice. 

Agrippa had doubtlessly heard of Paul, his zeal, 
talents, and intrepid conduct. The mention of 
his name, therefore, could only serve to awaken 
in the Jewish prince a desire to hear so celebrated 
a character give an account of himself and the 
doctrines of that sect amongst his countrymen, 
whose success had so highly exasperated the feel- 
ings of the Sanhedrim. It was, therefore, a very 
natural consequence that he should take the ear- 
liest opportunity of indulging his desire ; whilst 
it was equally a matter of interest for Festus to 
yield to his sister. Accordingly, on the very 
morning following the mentioning of Paul's case 
to the King, the Apostle was brought before the 
royal party ; and after an introductory address by 
the Roman governor, in which was avowed his 
conviction of the prisoner's innocency, together 
with the unreasonableness of sending him to the 
Emperor without being able to specify any definite 
charge against him, Agrippa intimated to Paul 
that he was permitted to speak for himself. 



212 ST. PAUl/s DEFENCE. 

The Apostle's speech on this occasion abounds 
with the truest eloquence. The hill of Mars had 
been charmed with his voice, pleading the revela- 
tion of the universal God and setting forth the 
beauty of Gospel truth, and the doctrine of the 
resurrection of the dead. The Herodian palace of 
Csesarea now listened with mute attention to words 
which would have delighted, by their superiority, 
the ears of a Demosthenes and drawn down the 
admiration of a Cicero, and caused both the Greek 
and Roman orators to have confessed the more 
exalted powers of a Paul, as much superior to 
their own as the cause he advocated excelled those 
in which they had become pre-eminent, however 
stirring in their application and greatly important 
in their object; for, in all the recorded harangues 
of these two splendid orators — the respective 
ornaments of Greek and Roman eloquence — 
there is nothing to be found which may be brought 
into comparison with the plain, uncompromising, 
argumentative, courteous address of Paul to 
Agrippa. 

Whether we take the simple and concise nar- 
rative of his " manner of life from his youth" — 
or his noble burst of argument in asserting the 
resurrection of the dead, which flashes forth with 
sudden and startling power — or the declaration 
of his own supernatural call from the darkened 



agrippa's confession. 213 

bigotry of his former life to a career of trial and 
preaching, in obedience to "the heavenly vision" 
— or the avowal of his own experience of help 
from Him whose sufferings, death, and resurrec- 
tion had formed the subjects of the prophecies of 
the Scriptures, — we are bound to yield to the 
Christian pleader the palm of unrivalled excel- 
lence. The superiority of his oratory does not 
consist in flowing epithets, or rounded periods, or 
studied phrases, or unmeaning compliments : it 
arises from a noble simplicity, energy of truth, 
unaffected candour, and the importance of those 
doctrines which distinguish the profession of 
Christianity from all other modes and systems of 
religion. The earnestness of the speaker may 
be inferred from the exclamation of the Roman 
governor, who taxed him with madness; whilst 
the soundness of his principles is conspicuous in 
the reply, in which his appeal to Agrippa (who, 
as a Jew, was conversant with the Scriptures) was 
so turned and enforced, that as Felix, about two 
years before, trembled, so now Agrippa was con- 
strained to confess, " Almost thou persuadest me 
to be a Christian ! " 

Great must have been the power of his elo- 
quence to extort such a confession from the 
son of him who had so grievously persecuted 
the Church, and whose princely station de- 



214 THE TRUE EVIDENCE 

pended upon his profession of, and continuance 
in, the Jewish communion. But our admiration 
of the power of the Apostle's reasoning and elo- 
quence is absorbed in that w r hich forces itself 
upon our notice, from his quick and radiant 
manifestation of the true spirit of that faith which 
he stood forth to advocate, even in bonds. The 
consciousness of standing there, a prisoner in the 
presence of those whose decision might award 
him to instant death, and whose injustice to- 
wards him would be the means of obtaining 
popular favour, might have awed the proudest- 
spirit into expressions calculated to avert dis- 
pleasure ; whilst the wearisomeness of having 
already been more than two years a prisoner, 
debarred from mixing beyond the walls of his 
prison-house with friends and brethren, and 
thereby cutting him off from the opportunity of 
preaching Christ crucified to Jew and Gentile, 
might have tinged his feelings with asperity, and 
venomed his tongue with bitterness. Such would 
have been the effect upon ordinary characters; 
but not so with St. Paul. In his application of 
the constrained admission of Agrippa there is no 
weak compliance to personal greatness, no harsh- 
ness of words betraying a mortified spirit, no 
boasting exclamation affecting Stoic indifference. 
" I would to God," was his prompt reply, " that 



OF CHRISTIAN LOVE. 215 

not only thou (a Jew), but also all (Romans, there- 
fore Gentiles) that hear me this day were both 
almost and altogether such as I am (a Christian), 
except these bonds." 

If w r e were called upon to point out any one 
passage in the conduct of the followers of Jesus 
of Nazareth which embodies to the greatest extent 
the spirit of the doctrine which the Saviour taught, 
and of the example which he gave, the impassioned 
exclamation of Paul to Agrippa may be cited as 
that one passage. Collected courage, unruffled 
amenity, fearless avowal of his faith, the excel- 
lency of that love which his Master had enjoined 
as a new commandment, are concentred in the 
few words in which he appeals to heaven for the 
greatest possible blessing, as well upon the princely 
and exalted, as upon the lowlier auditors, before 
whom he stood a prisoner; and as his heavenly 
Master with his dying breath entreated forgive- 
ness for his executioners, and the first martyr 
Stephen prayed that the sin of his murder might 
not be laid to the charge of those who stoned him, 
so Paul appealed to heaven not only that they who 
heard him might be made true and sincere Chris- 
tians, but Christians exempt from persecution, free 
from bonds. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

a.d. 60, 61. 

ACTS XXVI. 31; XXVII. ; XXVIII. to 15. 

St. Paul sails for Rome. — His dangerous Voyage. — Shipwreck. 
— Melita or Meleda. — Miracles. — Proceeds towards Rome 
by Sicily. — Met by the Brethren. — The Apostolic Ovation. 

We have noticed the simple, energetic, and 
divine character of the appeal made by St. Paul 
before his political judge, the effect of which was 
to cause the royal personages of the Council to 
confer together, and to conclude in the words of 
St. Luke, "This man doeth nothing worthy of 
death or of bonds." Agrippa, therefore, was con- 
strained to intimate to Festus that, but for the 
prisoner's appeal to Csesar, he might have been 
set at liberty. It was hence necessary that he 
should be sent to Rome ; and thus did the ordi- 
nary incidents of the Roman tribunal, and the 
judgment of the highest and most noble of the 
Jewish princes, tend to bring about that event, 
which more than two years previously had been 
revealed to the Apostle from heaven, by providing 



ST. PAUl/s PERSEVERANCE. 217 

for him the means of his " bearing witness at 
Rome also" to the truth of the Gospel of Jesns 
Christ. Ever since his miraculous conversion to 
the Christian faith, and specific appointment to 
the apostolic office, he had preached the Gospel to 
Jew and Gentile as "the power of God unto sal- 
vation to every one that believeth/" He had also 
visited almost every part of the known world : 
Asia, Syria, Macedonia, Corinth, Athens, Cyprus, 
and various parts of Palestine had been traversed 
by his steps, and made the scenes of unwearied 
labours (labours in the spiritual vintage — labours 
to minister to his own support and that of the 
brethren), and of his sufferings and trials, perse- 
cutions and bonds. Yet in all these places he 
had testified in the name of the Lord Jesus, call- 
ing upon men everywhere to repent and believe 
the Gospel. The smiles of success had not cor- 
rupted his sincerity, the frowns of persecution had 
not daunted his firmness; they served, like the 
succession of day and night, only to invigorate his 
energies, and afford him so many opportunities of 
displaying in action what he so zealously advanced 
in doctrine. Cessation from the active and public 
advocacy of his faith, during the two years he had 
passed in captivity, had not cramped his energies 
nor slackened his zeal. As the eye of Moses was 
not dim through age, so neither was the tempered 



218 ST. PAUL SENT 

fire of the Apostle's spirit abated by imprisonment. 
When, therefore, the opportunity of release pre- 
sented itself, so that he might, by withdrawing 
his appeal, have gone forth and resumed his jour- 
ney back to Antioch, which had hitherto been the 
termination of his evangelical progresses, the be- 
ginning and end of his spiritual enterprises, the 
point, as in a circle, from which he started and to 
which he fetched his compass back again, he did 
not avail himself of the indulgence. He had 
prayed that his judges and persecutors might 
become Christians in all things, like unto himself, 
except his bonds. But he was not ashamed of his 
bonds ; it is true they might gall and chafe the 
outward man, but they could not enter into or 
restrain his soul : they were, in fact, ornaments 
more honoured on his hands than the knightly 
chain or princely diadem which sparkled on the 
persons of his auditors. 

After his dismissal from the Council he was 
entrusted to the care of one Julius, a centurion of 
the Augustan band. This was a small, select body 
of Roman soldiers, forming part of the garrison of 
Csesarea, which consisted at that time chiefly of 
Syrians. Josephus informs us that this select 
cohort had been employed by Cumanus, the pre- 
decessor of Felix, to quell an insurrection in the 
country ; and their services had been retained by 



A PRISONER TO ROME. 219 

Felix, from whom they were transferred to the 
command of Festus. The fact of their being a 
tried cohort would recommend them to his notice, 
and point them out as agents most fitting to be 
employed in any service requiring trust and con- 
fidence. Hence their captain was selected as the 
most proper person, to whose care St. Paul and 
other state prisoners should be committed, to be 
conveyed to Rome. Under his convoy the Apostle 
set forth, accompanied by St. Luke, who records 
all these events as an eye-witness, and who, like 
Baruch with Jeremiah, went in and out to him, 
ministering to his wants, and acting as his mes- 
senger during his imprisonment. Nor were they 
the only believers : there accompanied them Aris- 
tarchus, a native of Thessalonica, whom in the 
Epistle to the Colossians St. Paul styles "his fel- 
low-prisoner," and in that to Philemon, " his fel- 
low-labourer ;" and who, together with Gaius, 
the hospitable host of the Apostle and the whole 
Church, had been exposed to jeopardy in the 
tumult which arose against Paul at Ephesus (a.d. 
56), having been his faithful companion on his 
journey through Macedonia to Troas, and through 
Asia to Jerusalem. 

These embarked in a vessel belonging to Aclra- 
myttium, a port founded by an Athenian colony, a 
little to the south of Mount Ida in Troas. The course 



220 ST. PAUl/s VOYAGE. 

of this vessel lay along the Syrian coast. Thence 
they touched at Sidon, where Julius and his escort 
landed and remained some days; during which time 
the Apostle had unrestrained permission to go unto 
his friends to refresh himself. He came to them, 
having suffered those same persecutions which 
they had foretold in his last visit, between two 
and three years before. Their former parting, 
which had been a most affectionate one, would 
cause their present welcome of him to be no less 
interesting. They beheld him amongst them 
once more, but a prisoner, bound on a voyage to 
Rome, ready to testify before the Emperor Nero his 
faith and the truth of the Gospel. Knowing the 
character of the Emperor for cruelty, they could 
not but apprehend danger to their beloved teacher; 
but knowing also the promise of support from 
Him by whom kings reign, their faith taught 
them submission, and in the consolation of hope 
they commended the Apostle to the keeping of 
Him who neither slumbers nor sleeps. 

From Sidon St. Paul set forth with his two 
friends, who voluntarily accompanied him in this 
his fourth journey, different, indeed, from his former 
ones ; for whilst in them he went out either of his 
own accord or as he was moved by the Spirit, he 
was now under the constraint of bonds and the direc- 
tion of others. They did not resume their voyage in 



DANGEROUS SAILING. 221 

the vessel in which they had sailed from Csesarea, 
but in another, which, instead of shaping its course 
directly towards the west, was driven, by the pre- 
valence of a south-west wind, to bear up to the 
northward of Cyprus, through the Aulon Cilicius, 
described as being the Sea of Cilicia and Pam- 
phylia, until it reached Myra, a port of Lysia. 
The ruins of this place, now called Cacamo, pre- 
sent still a magnificent spectacle of former great- 
ness. From this port, an Alexandrine vessel — one, 
probably, engaged in carrying on the traffic of 
corn and grain between Egypt and Puteoli in 
Italy — was on the point of sailing. Into this 
Julius put his prisoners and their friends, and 
embarked with them himself. The winds still 
continued adverse, so that with difficulty passing 
by Rhodes, famous for the Colossus of brass, one 
of the seven wonders of the world, they reached, 
after several days, Cnidus. Diverging from this 
point on account of the wind, they sailed in a 
southerly direction through the Carpathian Sea, 
until they came to the eastern side of Crete, over 
against the promontory of Salmone, anciently 
called Samonium. Having made this promontory, 
they then proceeded westward until they reached 
a place called the Fair Havens, adjoining the city 
of Lasea. But difficult as had been their voyage 
hitherto, it became more so from this point. The 



222 THE STORM CONTINUES. 

autumnal equinox was near. At that period of 
the year the winds are boisterous, and the flows in 
the Mediterranean Sea, called the Michaelmas 
flows, are full of danger. St. Paul, aware of 
these circumstances, made known his apprehen- 
sion of the risk which would be incurred if they 
persevered in their voyage at that season. But 
though Julius, the centurion, had treated the 
Apostle with great courtesy and kindness, he was 
more influenced by the experience of the owner 
and master of the vessel than by the advice and 
cautious prudence of his prisoner, more especially 
as the haven in which they were was not commo- 
dious to winter in. The counsel, therefore, which 
prevailed, was, that they should endeavour to 
reach Phenice, a port further to the south-west 
and north-west extremity of the island. Taking 
advantage, therefore, of a light breeze from the 
south, they left their moorings in the Fair Havens, 
and skirted the Cretan coast in the hope of reach- 
ing Phenice. But their hope was frustrated. 

That part of the Mediterranean Sea in which 
they were now sailing is occasionally visited 
by a wind called Euroclydon (its modern name 
is Levanter), a kind of hurricane, blowing not 
always from the same point, but shifting impetu- 
ously and frequently from north-east to south- 
east. Overtaken by a violent hurricane of this 



DANGER INCREASES. 223 

dangerous character, the ship became unmanage- 
able, and the sailors were under the necessity of 
letting her drive. A little to the south of the 
western side of Crete, over against Phenice, lies a 
small island, which is called Clauda or Gaulos. It 
was near to this place that, after having been 
some time drifted by the force of the tempest, 
they had nearly lost their boat, which with diffi- 
culty they saved from being staved, by taking it 
up out of the water on to the deck. Their condi- 
tion was now so bad, that they were constrained 
to avail themselves of every help which prudence 
could suggest or experience supply. But as all 
their skill availed not to keep the vessel in her 
course, they furled their sails and let her drive 
before the wind. Night came over them in this 
unmanageable state, and morning brought with it 
no alleviation of their danger. As, therefore, 
they were drifting in a place beset with quick- 
sands, they lightened the vessel by throwing over- 
board the heavier part of the cargo that day, and 
on the following day even the tackling of the 
ship. Nor was this duty performed by the crew 
alone, for the passengers readily assisted them in 
the work, if haply by so doing they might escape 
from the danger which they were now constrained 
to encounter. 

In this condition of doubt and danger for several 



224 A RAY OF HOPE. 

days they were tossed by the tempest, unblest by 
a ray of sunshine by day, or the glimmer of a star 
by night. So great was the stress of the storm 
upon them, and so bereft of hope were they, that 
they lost all relish for their food, which they cared 
not now to take regularly as before. Destruction 
threatened them on all hands. Around them the 
winds were boisterous, and the waves swelled in 
awful fury. They knew not where they were, 
nor, even if they could bear up against the pres- 
sure, but that the next moment might see them 
dashed upon the Syrtes, or quicksands, which lay 
between Crete and the African coast. In the 
midst of this horror of impending danger and 
growing despair, the servant of Him who u rides 
the tempest and directs the storm," stood up. 
His voice broke the awfulness of their situation, 
and, like a ray of sunshine flashing through the 
gathered darkness of the blackness of the heavens, 
it carried with it the first dawning of returning 
hope. The Apostle reminded them of his former 
warning, rather, perhaps, to induce them to give 
credit to what he was now about to say, than to 
reproach them for their imprudence. He bade 
them fear not ; and he gave them reasons for be- 
lieving, that though the ship would be wrecked 
and lost on a certain island, there would not be 
the loss of any man's life. 



APPROACH TO LAND. 225 

It was now the fourteenth night of their dis- 
tress and danger, when, about midnight, certain 
appearances indicated to the sailors the proximity 
of land, the fact of which they soon clearly ascer- 
tained by the customary method of sounding. 
As they found themselves drifting towards the 
shore, ignorant of where they were, and with no 
light to assist their judgment or direct their 
course, they let down four anchors from the stern 
of the vessel, and earnestly longed for the return 
of day. In the meantime, alarmed by the danger 
to which they were exposed, the mariners, under 
plea of casting out other anchors from the fore- 
part of the ship, made an attempt to escape by 
letting down the boat into the sea. Their at- 
tempt, however, was frustrated by the intervention 
of St. Paul, whose spirit and prudence had already 
been so conspicuous that he was now listened to 
with attention and regard. He appealed to the 
centurion and soldiers under his command, as- 
suring them that the escape of the mariners would 
be attended with the loss of all their lives. Giving 
credit to his words, they prevented the possibility 
of escape by cutting the ropes of the boat which 
attached it to the vessel. 

Morning now drew on; and as lie had already 
encouraged the crew, and directed what was ne- 
cessary to be done, so now the Apostle did not 

Q 



226 THE SHIPWRECK. 

abate in his endeavours to fit and prepare his 
fellow-voyagers for the coming wreck. He roused 
them to confidence by repeating the assurance of 
their safety; and to his exhortation to them to 
take necessary refreshment, that they might be 
more equal to the arduous duties of the approach- 
ing light, he added his own example, by taking 
bread, giving thanks over it to God in the pre- 
sence of them all, breaking it, and beginning to 
eat. Encouraged by this, the whole crew of 276 
persons rallied their forlorn spirits and took some 
meat ; and strengthened by this, their first regular 
or full repast for fourteen successive days, they 
actively applied themselves to lighten the ship by 
casting out the remainder of the wheat, with which 
it was freighted, into the sea. 

When day broke, it discovered to them a shore, 
and creek of some unknown country. It now 
became their object to enter this creek, in order 
to effect a landing ; but in their attempt to pass 
round, so as to make towards the shore, they 
struck upon a projecting ledge of sand, which had 
been washed together by the confluence of two 
currents, and formed the natural boundary of the 
harbour. The Apostle' s prediction of their being 
wrecked was now verified ; but this did not obtain 
for him the reverence due to his forethought and 
example, for the soldiers, in the stern exercise of 



THE SHIPWRECK. 227 

military discipline, purposed to kill him and the 
rest of the prisoners. This cruel project was de- 
feated by the humanity of the centurion, who ap- 
pears to have entertained an especial regard for 
him. Taking, therefore, upon himself the risk of 
blame, which might attach to the military for 
allowing a prisoner to escape, if any should escape, 
he gave command, that all who could swim should 
commit themselves to the sea, and get to land, 
whilst the rest should save themselves by whatever 
means they could. Broken pieces of the stranded 
vessel and floating parts of the wreck served as so 
many vehicles of escape. The word had gone 
forth. The promise to the Apostle was, that not 
one of them should be lost; and that promise 
was realised to the full : for 276 persons, who 
had been in the vessel, escaped all of them safe to 
land. 

Learned men are much divided in opinion 
whether the Melita mentioned by St. Luke, as 
the place where St. Paul and himself were 
wrecked in the Alexandrine vessel, is Malta, a 
cultivated island of importance lying between 
Italy and Africa, and now the seat of British 
government for the Ionian Islands, or Meleda, a 
smaller island near the centre of the Adriatic 
Gulf, off the Illyrian coast, notorious for the bar- 
barism and piratical practices of its inhabitants, as 



228 MALTA OR MELEDA. 

well as the unwholesomeness of its climate. The 
simple narrative accords best with the latter. 
But whether the island was Malta or Meleda, 
St. Paul and his companions having reached the 
land in safety, met with most humane treatment 
from the inhabitants ; for they lighted a fire for 
them, to mitigate the effects of the rain which 
had now succeeded the tempest, and alleviate the 
coldness with which their limbs were benumbed 
from having been so long exposed to the sea. 

An incident now occurred which turned their 
feelings of kindness into reverence and awe. The 
island of Meleda was rude and uncultivated, and 
had a few years before been nearly depopulated 
by the execution of an edict of Augustus, as a 
punishment for the piratical pursuits of its in- 
habitants. Its climate and want of cultivation 
rendered it a congenial place for the breed of 
vipers and other noxious reptiles. The natives 
who received the shipwrecked party had heaped 
together a quantity of wood, which when they 
lighted " a viper came out of the heat, and fastened 
on the hand of the Apostle." The venom of this 
reptile is so virulent that almost instant death 
follows its bite. When they saw this they con- 
cluded, according to their superstitious notions of 
retributive justice, that he must necessarily have 
been a murderer, or some notorious criminal, 



MIRACLES. 229 

whom Divine vengeance pursued, and permitted 
to escape the wreck that his punishment might 
become the more remarkable by this circumstance. 
How great then was their surprise,, awed into 
admiration and reverence of him, whom they had 
just before looked upon as unfit to live, when, 
instead of falling down dead, they beheld him 
shake the reptile from his hand, unhurt and un- 
dismayed. Whilst their superstition converted 
the fancied murderer into a god, the Christians 
who were present would be reminded of the 
Divine promise, peculiarly bestowed upon the 
Apostles by their heavenly Master, when He said, 
— " In My name shall they cast out devils ; they 
shall speak with new tongues ; they shall take up 
serpents ; and if they drink any deadly thing it 
shall not hurt them ; they shall lay hands on the 
sick and they shall recover." (Mark xvi. 17, 18.) 

The truth of this was fulfilled, not only in 
respect of the Apostle's escape from the viper, 
but by what also immediately followed. The re- 
port of this miracle attracted the attention and 
notice of one Publius, a chief man of the island, 
whose residence was not far from the place where 
this remarkable event had occurred. He took St. 
Paul and his company into his house, and for 
three days gave them hospitable entertainment. 
Nor did his courtesy and hospitality go unre- 



230 MIRACLES. 

warded. His father was suffering from dysentery, 
a malady common to such places, moist and un- 
cultivated as was this barbarous island. When 
St. Paul knew of it, he went into the presence of 
the sufferer, and having laid his hand upon him, 
with prayer, healed him. The power of working 
miracles, which had been so conspicuous in Jeru- 
salem, in Ephesus, and other cities which received 
the faith, was not limited to great and populous 
places. Who that reads in Appian the account 
of the devastation of this island a few years before 
by the Romans, as a punishment for the barbarous 
and lawless habits of the people, would suppose 
that the great Apostle of Jesus Christ should now 
become a sojourner in it, and that the manifesta- 
tion of the power of the risen Saviour to work 
miracles, delegated to His ministers, should have 
been made in this unpromising region ? And yet, 
not only was the father of Publius raised miracu- 
lously from the bed of fever and dysentery, but 
all the suffering children of mortality within the 
island were made to partake, on their application, 
of the same exercise of Divine power to be healed, 
during the three months of the sojourn amongst 
them of St. Paul and his two affectionate and 
devoted friends, Luke and Aristarchus. Nor 
were the inhabitants ungrateful for the favours 
bestowed upon them. They who had received 



ST. PAUL RESUMES HIS VOYAGE. 231 

the shipwrecked strangers on their arrival with 
great kindness, honoured their benefactors with 
many honours, and, at their departure, loaded 
them with presents of such things as might be of 
service to them in their voyage. 

The vessel in which they were wrecked was 
from Alexandria, and it so happened that another 
vessel from the same celebrated port had wintered 
in the island, driven probably to take refuge in it 
by the same tempest which had caused the 
wreck of the Apostle and his companions.* In 
this vessel, which bore the sign of " Castor and 
Pollux," heathen deities supposed to be particu- 
larly favourable to seafaring people, and known to 
us as forming the sign of "the Twins" in the 
zodiac, they set sail, after a sojourn of three 
months in the island. They first sailed to Sy- 
racuse, where they tarried three days — it might 
have been for some matters of business connected 
with the traffic of the ship, which may also ac- 
count for the deviation of the voyage, as it did 
not lie directly between Meleda and Puteoli. 

* There is a remarkable coincidence between the wreck of 
St. Paul and a similar event which happened the same year 
to Josephus, the Jewish historian. So coincident, indeed, are 
the circumstances, that it is no stretch of probability to suppose 
that the Historian and the Apostle were wrecked in one and the 
same vessel. 



232 SYRACUSE PUTEOLI. 

Syracuse was a celebrated city in Sicily, at one 
time said to have been twenty-two miles in cir- 
cumference, and rivalling Carthage in riches. It 
was here that Archimedes, the celebrated geo- 
metrician, signalised himself by baffling for some 
time the Roman general, Marcellus, by his me- 
chanical contrivances in defence of the city, B.C. 
210. From Syracuse they proceeded to Rhe- 
gium, the most southerly point of that part of 
the Italian coast, and thence, after one day with 
a fair wind, on the next day they reached Puteoli. 
This town, lying a little to the west of Naples, 
was, together with Baiae, built on the opposite 
side of a small bay, celebrated for the magnificent 
villas of the Roman nobility, who resorted much 
to these two delightful places, especially for the 
use of their hot baths. Here the Apostle found 
a small community of Christians, at whose re- 
quest, and by permission of Julius, he remained 
with them seven days, during which sojourn he 
confirmed their faith, and filled them with godly 
counsel. 

The remainder of the journey to Rome was 
performed by land. Tidings of Paul's coming 
had previously reached the brethren, some of 
whom came out to meet him as far as Appii 
Forum, about fifty-three miles from the city, 
whilst others awaited his approach at a place 



THE APOSTLE'S OVATION. 233 

called the Three Taverns, about thirty miles dis- 
tant from it. These had received, more than two 
years before, a mark of his concern for them, and 
zeal for the purity of the Gospel truths and doctrine, 
in the epistle which he had sent to them from 
Corinth. They therefore embraced the earliest 
opportunity of shewing their affectionate regard 
to him, by coming out so far to meet and give 
him welcome. Their greeting could not but 
refresh his heart and cheer his spirits, tried by 
so long and dangerous a voyage after a lengthened 
captivity. 

Behold him, then, advancing towards Rome 
along the Appian Way ! His was a voluntary 
escort — very different, indeed, from many a proud 
pageant which had swept in gorgeous array along 
that celebrated road. But of all the princely 
captives who had graced the chariot-wheels of 
warriors, never did a more truly illustrious charac- 
ter pass along towards the Eternal City, as Borne 
was impiously called, than that victim of Jewish 
malice, Saul of Tarsus. Nor of the many illus- 
trious conquerors who had entered their native 
city in all the majesty and pomp of hard-won 
triumphs or splendid ovations, loaded w4th the 
spoils of kingdoms and served by mighty kings, — 
sad spectacles of human vanity ! — was there one 
whom the captive Apostle might envy, or with 



234 the apostle's ovation. 

whom wish to change his station. He was a 
prisoner, but his cause was truth ; an ambassador 
in bonds, but it was as an ambassador of the So- 
vereign Lord of all things. And the spoils of his 
warfare were not garments rolled in blood of 
the mangled dead; they were spoils won from 
the great Enemy of Man, under the banner of the 
Captain of Salvation, who was the Prince of 
Peace, the Mighty God. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

a.d. 60-62. 

ACTS XXVIII. 16-30. 

Conference with the Jews at Rome, —Their Obduracy. — Epistle 
to the Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians. — Onesimus. 
— Epistle to Philemon. — St. James, Bishop of Jerusalem. 
— His Catholic Epistle and Death. 

On St. Paul's arrival at the end of his long and 
dangerous voyage from Csesarea to Rome, the 
centurion, whose treatment of his prisoner had 
been throughout courteous and considerate, de- 
livered the rest of his charge to the captain of 
the guard, but obtained the favour for him to 
remain apart from the others, guarded only by a 
single soldier, to whom he was bound by a single 
chain. The Apostle is now at Rome, a prisoner. 
His desire to visit the converts in that cele- 
brated city is now in part fulfilled. By the 
mysterious workings of Divine Providence, " whose 
ways are far above, out of our sight/'' he was 
brought to Rome, that he might testify of the 
name of Christ before kings and princes, but in 
bonds. But though a prisoner, kept within a 
limited and guarded space, no fetters could con- 



236 ST. PAUL AT ROME. 

fine the active workings of his soul for the welfare 
of others, and the promotion of that cause for 
which he not only was content, but rejoiced, to 
suffer. 

He had not been more than three days in 
Rome before he availed himself of the permission 
of free ingress to him afforded to his friends, to 
send to the chiefs of the Jews residing in the 
city, anxious, according to his plan of addressing 
himself first to his countrymen, to explain to 
them his conduct, and make known his senti- 
ments and doctrines, if by any means he might 
abate their prejudices and win them to Christ. 
They assembled at his request, and listened to 
his reasons for appearing thus in Rome, which he 
stated was not voluntary, but of constraint ; ad- 
ding, however, that he had " not aught to accuse 
his nation of," but that " for the hope of Israel 
he was bound with this chain." When, there- 
fore, they had intimated to him that they had 
never heard any harm of him, either by letter or 
personally, from their countrymen, they ap- 
pointed a day on which they would be prepared 
to hear his opinion u concerning this sect, which 
(they averred) was every where spoken against." 
On the day appointed many came to him to his 
lodgings; and earnestly, from morning till even- 
ing, did the Apostle labour to explain and prove 



REASONS WITH COUNTRYMEN. 237 

to them out of the Law of Moses, and out of the 
Prophets, that the kingdom for which they so 
ardently longed was not a worldly but a spiritual 
one ; and that the Messiah they expected was, 
and could be, none other than Jesus of Nazareth. 
In this way did he testify of the kingdom of God, 
and bear witness at Rome to the faith, and doc- 
trine, and promises of his Divine Master. 

The effect of this long address was various. 
Some of his countrymen believed, and became 
followers of Christ ; whilst others were so blinded 
by prejudice and bigoted zeal, that they received 
not his testimony. When, therefore, a division 
arose amongst them, and the greater part were 
leaving the assembly offended with his doctrine, 
undaunted by their opposition, he applied to the 
unbelievers a prediction of Isaiah (vi. 9, 10), 
which the Saviour had employed on four different 
occasions, and which he himself had quoted in his 
Epistle to the Romans — descriptive of the wilful 
obstinacy of the Jewish nation. In applying the 
language of the prophet to his countrymen at 
Rome, he added also a declaration that it was the 
purpose of Almighty God to send that salvation 
to the Gentiles willing to hear it, which they, his 
once chosen people, blindly and ignorantly re- 
jected and put from themselves, lest they should 



238 JEWISH OBDURACY. 

be healed. The Jews then left him, but not 
without much reasoning among themselves, some 
attaching credit to what he had said, and others 
ridiculing and turning it into contempt. So dis- 
heartening was the commencement of the Apo- 
stle's imprisonment at Rome, in respect of the 
conversion of his countrymen. 

But their obduracy and untoward conduct to- 
wards himself and his mission, however it grieved 
his heart, did not cause him to flag in spirit for 
the good of those who had already been called 
from the darkness of heathenism to the marvellous 
light of the Gospel of Truth. Cut off from the 
power of going about to do good, and constrained 
to limit his teaching to those who sought him 
out, and came to visit him in his prison-house, he 
nevertheless laboured earnestly, whenever oppor- 
tunity offered, to convince the gainsayers, convert 
the unprejudiced, and confute the unbelievers. 
His residence of two years, though not marked 
with the stirring and active scenes which distin- 
guished his career in Asia and Macedonia, is not 
only not devoid of interest, but evinces his un- 
wearied zeal and temper in the cause of his hea- 
venly Master; for the sacred historian informs 
us that " Paul dwelt two whole years in his own 
hired house, and received all that came in unto 



EPISTLE TO THE EPHESIANS. 239 

him, preaching the kingdom of God, and teaching 
those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ, 
with all confidence, no man forbidding hirn." 

During this period he made some converts, and 
wrote three epistles. It is, indeed, from these 
epistles he wrote at that time, and on other occa- 
sions, we derive much of the information which 
makes up the remainder of this narrative in respect 
of his further proceedings, as well as learn that 
he made some converts at Rome ; amongst whom 
were persons of all ranks and degrees, from those 
high in the imperial household, even to a fugitive 
slave. 

After he had been some time at Rome, residing 
in his own hired house, fettered to a Roman 
soldier who was his guard, he wrote his Epistle to 
the Church at Ephesus (a.d. 61). His object 
in writing that transcript of spiritual instruction 
appears to have been to establish the Ephesian 
believers in the Christian faith, to which they had 
been converted by his preaching whilst residing 
amongst them (a.d. 56, 57). As he could no 
longer be present to encourage them forward by 
his personal exhortation, " he describes to them 
in the most animating language the mercy of 
God, displayed in the calling of the Gentiles 
through faith in Christ, without their being sub- 
jected to the Law of Moses." And as he could no 



240 EPISTLE TO THE EPHESIANS. 

longer enforce his doctrines and instruction by 
the persuasive example of his own conduct among 
them, he points out, and calls upon them to ma- 
nifest, "that holiness and consistency of life, in 
their various stations and callings, which is re- 
quired of all who have received the knowledge of 
salvation." 

Addressed as this epistle is to the Christians 
at Ephesus, who without distinction are all styled 
saints, it appears to have been designed for the 
use of others also, who are called the faithful in 
Christ Jesus. These might have been all those 
in Proconsular Asia, who had been converted to 
the faith by his preaching and ministration du- 
ring his two years' residence at Ephesus ; in re- 
spect of which it w r as said, " that all they which 
dwelt in Asia heard the word of the Lord Jesus 
Christ, both Jews and Greeks." 

This is evident as well from the superscription, 
as the blessing with which the epistle concludes. 
We gather also from the contents of the epistle 
the cheering fact, that the Ephesians continued 
steadfast in their profession of the faith of the 
Lord Jesus, and gave evidence of that faith by 
their love to one another. It was transmitted to 
them by Tychichus, whom the Apostle calls " a be- 
loved brother, and faithful minister of the Lord;" 
and who appears to have been intimate with him 



EPISTLE TO THE PHILIPPIANS. 241 

at Rome, and trusted by him, as a person who 
could not only tell the Ephesians all things re- 
specting himself, but who could also " comfort 
their hearts."* 

In the year a.d. 50, the Apostle had planted 
a Church at Philippi, the first-fruits of the Gospel 
in Europe, which he revisited some years subse- 
quently : and so attached to him were its mem- 
bers, that of all who were his children in the 
faith, the Philippians appear to have acted to- 
wards him with the most filial affection and duty. 
In his various difficulties at Thessalonica and 
Corinth, the Philippians ministered- to his wants, 
and sent him various supplies of money that he 
might not be burdensome to others, so as thereby 
to hinder the success of his mission. When, also, 
they heard of his imprisonment at Rome, they 
sent a present to him by Epaphroditus one of 
their ministers, as a token of their affection, and 
to relieve his necessities. 

The Epistle to the Philippians, therefore, which 
he sent to them a.d. 61, in the second year of 

* Ephesus was celebrated for the splendid Temple of Diana, 
and for the manufacture of military weapons. To the former 
of these the Apostle alludes when he speaks of the edifying or 
building up of the Christian Church, " built upon apostles 
and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner- 
stone ;" and to the latter in his exhortation to the Ephesians, 
to use the weapons of the Spirit in their warfare of the Gospel. 

R 



242 EPISTLE TO THE PHILIPPIANS. 

his detention at Rome, was in testimony of his 
grateful sense of their affectionate kindness. It 
was superscribed by himself and Timothy, and 
addressed " to all the saints which are at Philippic 
with the bishops and deacons ; w and transmitted 
to them on the return of their messenger Epa- 
phroditus. It contains not only commendations 
to them for their affection towards himself — com- 
mendations unmixed with the alloy of any censure 
— and for their steadfastness in the truth of their 
profession, and unity, and emulation for the faith 
of the Gospel; but consolations and warnings 
also against the insidious and dangerous innova- 
tions of false teachers, of the leaven of the circum- 
cision, who had begun to intermingle amongst 
them. 

We gather from this epistle that Timothy was 
now associated with the Apostle ; from which it 
w r ould seem, that as soon as he had heard of his 
beloved master's condition he came to minister to 
him during his captivity. We learn, also, that his 
detention at Rome, so far from being a hinderance 
to the spreading of the Gospel, had fallen out 
rather for the furtherance of it : " So that (says 
he) my bonds in Christ are manifest in all the 
palace, and in all other places ; and many of the 
brethren in the Lord, waxing confident by my 
bonds, are much more bold to speak the word 



EPISTLE TO THE COLOSSIANS. 243 

without fear." So manifest, indeed, were his 
bonds in the palace of Nero, the Roman emperor, 
that some of his household became converts to 
the truth, and united with him in his salutation 
to the brethren at Philippi. 

Another body of Christians also, about this 
time, received an affectionate memorial of the 
Apostle's concern for their spiritual welfare. A 
church had been planted at Colosse, a city in 
Phrygia; but whether by St. Paul, or some one 
else, we know not for a certainty. But whether 
the Colossians had been converted by him, or, as 
it is probable, by some other Christian teacher, 
they had so affectionate a regard for him that 
when they heard of his detention at Rome they 
sent to him by Epaphras, one of their ministers, 
kind assurances of their interest in him, and of 
their love in the Spirit towards him. 

It was in reply to their inquiries, and as a re- 
turn for their sympathy, that the Apostle sent to 
them an epistle (a.d. 62). He selected for this 
office Tychichus, the same messenger whom he 
had made bearer of a similar address to the Ephe- 
sians in the previous year ; who had returned to 
him from that mission. With Tychichus he asso- 
ciated also Onesimus, a fugitive slave, whom he had 
converted in his bonds. He sent these two, because 
Epaphras, who should have been the bearer of it, 



244 EPISTLE TO THE COLOSSIANS. 

had made himself so conspicuous at Rome by his 
zeal for the Gospel, that he had been cast into 
prison by the public magistrates, and thereby was 
prevented from returning to his charge at Colosse. 
In this epistle the Apostle takes occasion to 
direct the attention of the Colossians to certain 
doctrines and duties, which had been oppugned 
by Judaizing professors, and other teachers who 
mixed up philosophy w T ith revelation, and worldly 
inventions with spiritual truths. There had been, 
it would appear, a strange admixture of Judaism 
and heathen philosophy taught and inculcated at 
Colosse. The followers of Moses, in order to 
gain proselytes, had pretended to assimilate his 
teaching with the ascetic notions of Pythagoras 
and the angelic ministration of Plato, by alleging 
that both Plato and Pythagoras had drawn their 
several dogmas from the Jewish Scriptures. It 
became the object, therefore, of the Apostle to 
counteract such false teaching, subversive alike of 
the doctrine of the atonement and the various 
duties of the law of liberty brought in by the 
Gospel. Hence we find distinctly set forth as 
doctrines, redemption and forgiveness of sins 
through the blood of the Lord Jesus Christ ; the 
supremacy of Christ, as Creator, " over all things 
that are in heaven and that are in earth, visible 
and invisible, whether they be thrones, or do- 



ST. PAUl/s FRIENDS AT ROME. 245 

minions, or principalities, or powers;" and His 
pre-eminency over the Church, and the fulness 
of His Godhead. 

In addition to these important doctrines, with- 
out which our faith is vain and worldly, the Apo- 
stle cautions the Colossians against the deceits 
of false philosophy and self-righteousness in the 
Pythagorean doctrine of the abstinence of meats 
and drinks, and the Platonic system of the vo- 
luntary worshipping of angels ; and concludes by 
exhorting them, as he had also done the Ephesians, 
to the performance of relative duties, the necessity 
of prayer, and of the acquisition of that wisdom 
which would enable them rightly to give an an- 
swer to every one, who might strive to withdraw 
them from the simplicity of that Saviour, who is 
"all in all." 

In this epistle, also, mention is made of several 
of the faithful and attached friends of the Apo- 
stle, who were with him at Rome; not only of 
Timothy, in whose joint name this and the 
Epistle to the Philippians were written, but 
of Aristarchus, and Jesus surnamed Justus, and 
Luke, and Demas, and Mark -John, who had 
been a comfort to him. It is worthy of remark, 
that on account of the conduct of the last-named 
a separation had taken place between Paul and 
Barnabas, thirteen years before. That separation 



246 EPISTLE TO THE COLOSSIANS. 

had not alienated feelings of brotherhood; for, 
not only is Barnabas honourably mentioned by 
the Apostle on several occasions, but in respect of 
Mark, about whom there already had been some 
communications between himself and the Colos- 
sians, he commends him to their favourable notice 
and respect. After making honourable mention of 
their minister Epaphras, he directs the epistle to 
be read not only among them, but to the Church 
of the Laodiceans; and concludes by enjoining 
upon Archippus, who probably acted in the place 
of the absent Epaphras, the necessity of " taking 
heed to the ministry which he had received in the 
Lord, that he should fulfil it." 

All these letters, written during his detention 
at Rome, bear evident marks of the Apostle's 
zeal for the faith of Christ, and affection towards 
all who received it. The composition of them 
must have served to lighten the wearisomeness of 
his bonds, more especially as they were drawn 
from him, not because of reproof or disgrace, but 
in reply to affectionate inquiries respecting his 
affairs, and because of the lively interest mani- 
fested towards him by those to whom they were 
written. Hence they became public documents 
of the greatest importance ; not merely as testi- 
monials of the good feeling existing between him- 
self and them, but as records of revealed truths, 



ONESIMUS. 247 

important standards of the doctrines, holiness, 
and discipline of the Church of Christ at that 
period. 

The Apostle's zeal for churches did not render 
him insensible to the claims of individuals. Men- 
tion has been made of Onesimus, a fugitive slave, 
who had been the property of Philemon, a rich 
person, and a distinguished citizen of Colosse. 
This Onesimus had given the Apostle such satis- 
factory evidences of his sincerity and steadfastness 
in the Gospel, that he not only associated him 
with Tychichus as messenger and bearer of his 
Epistle to the Colossians, but he wrote a letter to 
his injured master, whose servitude he had fled, 
to ask that he might be received back into his 
former service — that of a slave. For such was the 
sincerity of Onesimus, that having embraced 
Christianity, and being made sensible of his fault 
in absconding from the house of Philemon, he did 
not hesitate to surrender himself to his master, 
although that master, by the law or custom of 
Phrygia, possessed over him the power of life and 
death.* 

To conciliate that master's favour, who was 

* We have no precise account whether Philemon received 
back the fugitive in the way required by the Apostle, although 
the probability is that, acting up to his Christian profession, he 
not only pardoned but gave him his freedom. Mention is 



248 EPISTLE TO PHILEMON. 

under important obligations to the Apostle, and 
to mark his sense of the honesty and good con- 
duct of Onesimus, whom, though a slave, he con- 
sidered as " a son," and " brother beloved," he 
wrote the short Epistle to Philemon (a.d. 62), to 
induce him to take back the fugitive, and receive 
him with the same regard as he would have re- 
ceived himself. 

If the Apostle's Ecclesiastical Epistles shew 
great strength of argument, impartiality of doc- 
trine, and soundness of speech, this private letter 
is no less distinguished for delicacy of sentiment, 
warmth of friendship, genuine liberality, and lof- 
tiness of mind. It may, indeed, be considered a 
perfect specimen of that true spirit of courtesy 
and beneficence, which is the best ornament of 
the private individual in every rank and situation 
of life. 

The letter to Philemon was written by St. Paul, 
a little while before his liberation from bonds at 
Rome, contemporaneously with an epistle written 
and sent forth to the Jewish converts of the twelve 
tribes by James, bishop of Jerusalem. He is 
called James the Less, to distinguish him from 

made of an Onesimus as Bishop of Ephesus, by Ignatius (a.d. 
107). " The Apostolical Constitutions,' ' compiled in the fourth 
century, record him as having been Bishop of the Bereans ; 
whilst other records state that he suffered martyrdom at Rome. 



JAMES, BISHOP OF JERUSALEM. 249 

James the son of Zebedee, brother of St. John, 
one of the Boanerges, or sons of thunder, who 
was slain in the Herodian persecution (a.d. 43). 
He is also called the brother of our Lord, either 
because he was the son, as some suppose, of Mary 
the wife of Cleopas, and sister of Mary our 
Lord's mother; or, as others conjecture, because 
he was the son by a former wife of Joseph, the 
reputed father of our Lord. Many circumstances, 
recorded in the apostolic history and epistles, 
point him out as the head of the Church at Jeru- 
salem, which was the first-fruits of the Gospel 
vintage, consisting almost, if not entirely, of Jews. 
Thus, when St. Peter was liberated, the first 
message of that deliverance was sent to James. 
When the First General Council sat, it was the 
authority of James, as president, which decided 
the controversy. When Saul came up to Jeru- 
salem, he was immediately brought by Barnabas 
to James. A message from James to St. Peter 
at Antioch, produced that change in his conduct 
which caused St. Paul to rebuke him, because he 
was to be blamed. 

Thus distinguished as the head of the Jewish 
Christian Church, he wrote an epistle, called a Ca- 
tholic or Universal Epistle, from its being addressed, 
not as those of St. Paul to believers of a certain 
place or country, but to Christians in general, or to 



250 GENERAL EPISTLE 

all the Christians of " the twelve tribes which were 
scattered abroad." It was rendered necessary be- 
cause of the many erroneous opinions and doctrines, 
which had begun to manifest themselves even in 
those days of the infancy of the Church, and during 
the lives of the Saviour's immediate successors and 
ministers, amongst Christians, both of Gentiles 
and of Jews. As the latter belonged more pe- 
culiarly to the episcopal superintendence of James, 
the Bishop of the Church at Jerusalem, which 
may be considered as the metropolitan or mother- 
church of all others, consisting as it did prin- 
cipally of Hebrew converts, it became essentially 
his duty to warn them against the prevailing 
errors. Hence his Catholic or General Epistle, 
written to put them on their guard against the 
rising heresies of the day, and more especially to 
give them right opinions in respect of the doctrine 
of Justification, which the weak and unstable, 
from a wrong interpretation of St. Paul's state- 
ment of it, had wrested into a cloak of licentious- 
ness and a pretext for the neglect of all moral and 
social obligations. Hence the earnest exhortations 
contained in this epistle to the performance of 
various duties, illustrated by an appeal to the 
examples of obedience, suffering, patience, and 
prayer, exhibited in the conduct of Abraham, 
Rahab, the Prophets, and Elias. 



OF ST. JAMES. 251 

The abruptness of the conclusion of this epistle 
is accounted for by the supposed circumstance of 
the writer's sudden death ; for James was cut off 
in a sudden persecution by his countrymen during 
a short interregnum between the death of Festus, 
the Roman procurator, and the arrival of his suc- 
cessor Albinus, when the absence of a Roman 
governor afforded an opportunity to the Jews to 
gratify their lawless and cruel passions in respect 
of the sect of the Nazarenes, as they contemptu- 
ously termed the followers of Jesus of Nazareth. 
The Epistle of St. James the Less has been rightly 
considered as forming a kind of connecting link 
between Judaism and Christianity, as the ministry 
of John the Baptist was between the Old and the 
New Covenants — between the Law of Moses and 
the Gospel of Jesus Christ. It was written 

A.D. 62. 



CHAPTER XX. 

a.d. 63-66. 

ACTS XXVIII. 30, 31. 

St. Paul's Deliverance from Rome. — Luke writes the Gospel 
which bears his Name, and the Acts of the Apostles. — 
The Epistle to the Hebrews. — St. Paul visits Spain and 
Britain. — Returns to Jerusalem for the last time. — Visits 
various Churches on his way to Rome. — His Martyrdom. 

After being detained two years at Rome in 
honourable captivity — honourable as far as having 
the liberty to reside in his own hired house, but 
captivity as being all the time bound by a fetter 
round his arm to a Roman soldier, in whose cus- 
tody he was kept, St. Paul received his order 
of deliverance. His accusers in Jerusalem and 
Csesarea did not follow him to the Imperial City. 
He was released, therefore, without trial, pro- 
bably in consequence of the death, about this 
time, of Festus, by whom he had been sent from 
Judea, as a state-prisoner reserved for a personal 
hearing before the Emperor Nero. 

After his liberation, Luke "the beloved phy- 
sician," who had remained with him through evil 



ST. PAUl/s RELEASE FROM PRISON. 253 

report and good report, companion of his travels, 
sharer of his dangers by land and by sea, and 
who accompanied him of his own accord in his 
captivity both at Csesarea and Rome, for a space 
of not less than five years, is supposed to have 
left him. So long an intimacy with the Apostle 
had peculiarly fitted him, as well from talents as 
experience, to give an account of the things of 
which he had been "an eye-witness," both during 
the life and preaching of his Great Master, and 
the various events and circumstances which at- 
tended the exertions of his Apostles to fulfil the 
commission with which He had invested them — 
" to preach the Gospel to every creature." 

There had already been published two narratives 
of the Life of Jesus Christ ; one, the Gospel written 
by St. Matthew for the use of the Christian Jews 
in their dispersion, during the first persecution of 
the infant church, when Stephen was martyred 
and Saul was busy in the work of slaughter (a.d. 
34); the other, the Gospel of St. Mark, written 
under the direction of St. Peter during the se- 
cond or Herodian persecution, after the calling 
and conversion of the proselytes of the gate. 
(a.d. 44). Since that period another and very 
numerous class of persons had been admitted into 
the fellowship of the Gospel, for whose particular 
use no narrative of the actions and teaching of 



254 st. luke : 

their Universal Head had yet been compiled. It 
became, therefore, a very probable circumstance 
that he, who had been so mainly instrumental in 
calling this third class of converts from darkness 
to light, should employ part of the leisure which 
his detention at Rome afforded him in making 
necessary arrangements to meet this deficiency. 
The companionship of St. Luke, whose talents 
and education fitted him for such a work, sup- 
plied him with the means of doing so. 

It is universally agreed that Luke was a phy- 
sician, but whether a Jew or Gentile there is not 
the same agreement. The greater probability is 
that he was a Jew, one of the seventy, and " the 
other disciple" who was with Cleopas when the 
risen Saviour appeared to them on their way to 
Emmaus. His name as Lucius and Luke ap- 
pears in the Epistle to the Romans, from which 
we learn he was of the same family as St. Paul. 
He was also one of the prophets and teachers at 
Antioch, who were fasting and ministering unto 
the Lord, when Paul and Barnabas were separated, 
by the monition of the Holy Ghost, for the work 
unto which they were then apostolically ordained. 
His residence with St. Paul during his two long 
imprisonments, and his travels with him through 
Macedonia and Asia to Jerusalem, and in his 
voyage from Csesarea to Rome, have been already 



HIS WRITINGS. 255 

noticed. They are now referred to as evidences 
to shew his fitness, as the scribe or secretary of 
St. Paul, for the work which he now undertook — 
the work of supplying to the Gentile converts first 
an authenticated account of the actions and teach- 
ing of Jesus Christ, and then a narrative of the 
Acts of the Apostles, and especially of him who 
was the Apostle of the Gentiles. 

The Gospel or St. Luke and the Acts of 
the Apostles were written by Luke, probably 
under the superintendence and direction of St. 
Paul at Rome, and completed and published by 
him somewhere in Greece after he had separated 
from the Apostle, now liberated from his bonds, 
and although not exactly contemporaneous, may 
be considered as having been sent forth very soon 
after one another, (a.d. 63.) 

In the same year was written the Epistle to 
the Hebrews. Whilst sojourning in Italy after 
his liberation, waiting for the return of Timothy, 
whom, according to his promise the year pre- 
ceding, in his Epistle to the Philippians, he had 
sent to them " to know their state," St. Paul 
wrote that, perhaps the most important, as it was 
the last, of his Ecclesiastical Epistles. 

The unconverted Jews, to persecutions and re- 
vilings added the most cogent and plausible argu- 
ments to turn away believers from the faith, by 



256 EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. 

referring to their Scriptures, which Christians 
were taught to reverence and accept as the Word 
of God equally with themselves, and by proving 
out of them the superiority of Moses, the distin- 
guished Giver of the Law, over Christ, the lowly 
Galilean, the outcast of men, condemned alike by 
Jew and Gentile to the ignominious death of the 
cross. They could refer also to their Temple and 
all its train of public worship, sanctioned as it had 
been by authority from Jehovah ; and they could 
point also to the establishment of their priesthood, 
clearly defined and divinely organized. They 
could boldly challenge Christian professors to bring 
forward any part of their polity which could stiand 
the test of comparison with theirs. With such 
arguments, backed by their Doctors and Scribes 
learned in the law, they prevailed over the weak 
minds of some, causing them to draw back from 
the faith, and forsake the assembling of them- 
selves together with the brethren, as they had be- 
fore done. 

To confirm the faith of the believers and coun- 
teract the pernicious reasonings, as well as gain- 
say and refute the false principles, of the Jewish 
teachers, St. Paul, not inferior to any of their 
doctors or most learned men, as the scholar of 
Gamaliel and the servant and Apostle of Jesus 
Christ, wrote an epistle to his countrymen. For 



EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. 257 

although especially appointed to call the Gen- 
tiles from darkness to light, and superintend 
and direct them in their Christian course, yet 
as St, James, the head of the Jewish converts, 
had been slain, as we have stated, in a tumult 
of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, in the interval 
between the death of Festus and his successor 
Albinus, he now thought fit to address to the 
Hebrews an exposition of their law and ceremo- 
nies in reference to their connexion with Christ, 
his attributes, sacrifice, and triumph : knowing 
that his name would serve to excite a prejudice 
against its general acceptance, he did not use 
the same superscription to them as he had done 
in his former letters to his own converts, or the 
churches established amongst the Gentiles. But 
the depth of his knowledge of the Jewish Scrip- 
tures and Jewish Theology, and the fervour of 
his zeal in vindication of the office and nature 
of the Head of the Christian Church, are not less 
conspicuous on this account. 

The leading object of St. Paul, in his Epistle 
to the Hebrews, was to establish the superiority 
of Jesus Christ over angels, to whom the Jews 
ascribed the dispensation of their Covenant; and 
over Moses the Law-Giver, and Aaron their first 
Great High -priest; because the establishing of 
this superiority would carry with it that of all 



258 EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS, 

details in connexion with his Gospel, the New 
Testament, the covenant of grace, the ratification 
of peace between God and man. This object he 
carries out in the most masterly manner, proving 
to the Jews out of their own Scriptures, in a way 
peculiar to himself and worthy of the sublime 
argument he had undertaken, that the Creator of 
all things was Jesus Christ; therefore he was su- 
perior to angels, who were his ministers : that 
the Builder of the House of God, which was the 
Church of Israel of old, was Jesus Christ ; there- 
fore he was superior to the overseers of that house, 
Moses and Aaron : whilst his Priesthood was 
worthy of much more honour than that of the 
Levitical succession, as the thing signified excels 
its type, substance its shadow, perfection imper- 
fection, and that which continueth for ever, un- 
changed, is to be prized above every thing, how- 
ever excellent, which is limited in duration, and 
fashioned with the view of being one day abrogated 
and changed. From the fact of this superiority of 
Jesus Christ in all things came the abrogation of 
the Jewish Ritual, and the establishment and 
obligation of the Christian Faith with all its spi- 
ritual observances. 

The Epistle to the Hebrews may be looked upon 
as the key of the Old Testament, unlocking mys- 
teries, and types, and prophecies, the understand- 



KEY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. 259 

ing of which had been hitherto shut up ; and 
shewing them, together with sacrifices and bloody 
offerings, to have been but shadows of that one 
Great Sacrifice and Oblation paid once for all by 
Jesus Christ, as the only and complete atonement 
for sin, and price of man's redemption and re- 
conciliation to God. In no part of the Holy Vo- 
lume is the doctrine of the Atonement so clearly 
stated, or so irrefragably proved : and were all 
other parts of Scripture lost, this one epistle would 
still serve to shew the real character and defect 
of the First Law or Covenant of Works, and the 
true nature and perfection of the New Law or 
Testament of Grace. Written thus to refute the 
false doctrines of Jewish teachers, the greater 
portion of it is devoted to that one object ; but it 
displays also the greatest incentives to holy living, 
by appeals to the examples of Jewish worthies 
and by earnest exhortations to unity and brotherly 
love. 

The inspired writings do not afford us any fur- 
ther explicit account of the actions of the Apo- 
stles. We are, therefore, reduced to the necessity, 
in a great measure, of depending upon the his- 
tories of others, and deriving from them informa- 
tion to fill up the period over which the remaining 
Canonical Epistles and the Book of Revelation 
extend. When that information does not militate 



260 REASONS FOR ST. PAUl/s 

against, but coincides with, allusions contained in 
those Epistles, it merits our credence. From 
these unauthenticated sources we draw conclusions 
in respect of historical incidents, which stand 
upon the same evidences, and deserve our accep- 
tance as firmly as facts, recorded by authors in 
respect of ordinary and more common events. 

St. Paul was liberated from his confinement at 
Rome at the end of the year 62, or early in the 
following year (a.d. 63). Here the inspired nar- 
rative of St. Luke ends. The Gospel had well- 
nigh been preached to every creature. Almost 
every part of the known world had been visited by 
the Apostles, and facilities had been afforded to 
some of the inhabitants of every nation under 
heaven to hear and know the message of Glad 
Tidings. The principal portions of the East had 
been traversed again and again. The dogmatism 
of the Jews, the sophistry of the Greeks, had 
been brought into collision, and failed before the 
word of Grace and Truth. The barbarous and 
desert regions of Illyria had been visited with the 
manifestations of Almighty power, and had echoed 
to the sound of the voice of Christ's ministers 
publishing pardon and peace through his blood. 
And last of all, the seat of universal empire, the 
resort of persons from every region, had not only 
heard and received the word, but had retained 



VISIT TO BRITAIN. 261 

within its walls one who, though a prisoner, had 
carried the name of Christ even into the chamber 
of the Emperor. After his release, facilities of 
passing into a part of the world which he had not 
yet visited presented themselves. 

At this period the success of the Roman arms 
had opened an easy passage through Gaul into 
Spain and the islands of the West. The defeat of 
the Britons under Boadicea, about the time of 
the Apostle's coming to Rome, had necessarily 
caused an influx of British captives into that city, 
and increased the number of those who had ac- 
companied the noble Caractacus about fourteen 
years before. It is evident, therefore, that there 
must have been in Rome, during St. Paul's de- 
tention, some of the natives of Britain. Many of 
these were brought out as gladiators in the public 
games ; condemned not only to fight one against 
another, but even to encounter the savage fury of 
wild beasts. Others were kept in bondage ; and a 
similarity of condition might, therefore, excite a 
mutual sympathy and correspondence between 
the British war captives and the Jewish prisoner. 
If, too, as some have supposed, the Apostle was 
himself reduced to the risk of fighting with wild 
beasts, from which he was providentially delivered, 
his deliverance would naturally excite the atten- 



262 THE GOSPEL PREACHED 

tion of others, placed in a situation resembling 
his own. 

It is not, therefore, any great stretch of imagi- 
nation to conjecture, that having been brought 
into contact and intercourse with some of the na- 
tives of Britain, he might be roused from that 
circumstance to form a plan, after his release, to 
visit that country. Nor is this a vague conjec- 
ture. He had intimated in his Epistle to the 
Romans (a.d. 58) his intention to visit Spain, 
and had expressed his anticipation of being as- 
sisted in that intention by them. What more fa- 
vourable opportunity could he have, than his 
being at Rome among the very persons to whom 
he had previously intimated his intention, and 
from whom he had anticipated assistance ! To 
have returned directly to Judea would have been 
like rashly and unnecessarily rushing upon danger. 
He had communicated by letters and messengers 
with the other churches, and nothing in them 
appeared seriously to demand his presence. 

There is, therefore, every probability of St. 
Paul's having employed the two years following 
his release from Rome in visiting various parts 
of Italy, Spain, and the islands of the West. But 
this strong probability becomes a confirmed fact, 
if we may give the usual credit which is attached 



BY ST. PAUL IN BRITAIN. 263 

to histories in general, to the statements of Cle- 
ment, St. Paul's "own intimate friend and fellow- 
labourer," and afterwards Bishop of Rome in 
the first century; to Irenseus, disciple of St. John, 
in the second century ; and in the four next suc- 
ceeding centuries to Tertullian, Jerome, Theodoret, 
and others, whose united evidence, supported by 
more recent testimonies, appears to place beyond 
reasonable doubt the fact that the Apostle of 
the Gentiles, St. Paul, preached the Gospel in 
Britain, the island of the West, the furthest boun- 
dary of the earth. This event, thus considered, 
must have taken place a.d. 63 or 64. 

On his return from this visit to Spain and Bri- 
tain, it is probable that he returned to Jerusalem. 
For as, upon his deliverance at Corinth, he pro- 
ceeded to the city of his forefathers, to offer his 
thanks in the Temple ; so now, having been res- 
cued from the perils which awaited his voyage to 
Rome, and during his confinement there, and 
having been enabled to extend the knowledge of 
that grace, which had appeared unto all men, by 
preaching the Gospel where the name of Christ 
had not before been heard, he would be anxious, 
according to his former custom, to " pay his vows 
in the courts of the Lord's house, even in the midst 
of Jerusalem/'' It would be his last visit to the 
city of the Lord. The signs of the times gave 



264 ST. PAUl/s LAST VISIT 

him sufficient assurance that the end of all things, 
as connected with that devoted city, and his 
own nation, was at hand. He alludes to this 
awful fact in some of his Epistles. The predic- 
tions of his Divine Master fully pointed to the 
approaching desolation. Once more, therefore, 
to visit the Temple, and weep as his Master had 
done, over the anticipated woes and miseries laid 
up in store, and ready to be sent forth as a 
deluge unsparing upon those who had not spared 
others, would naturally form one of the dearest 
and most cherished objects of the Apostle's wishes 
and desires. 

Nor would his presence now be so likely to 
excite persecution as in former times. The heads 
of the Jewish nation, who had before pursued 
him with rancorous malice, were now engrossed 
with their own views of public turbulence ; hatred 
towards their conquerors had become their absorb- 
ing passion. Already the fire was kindled, which 
in a very few years subsequent to these events 
consumed and laid waste both the city of Jeru- 
salem and the country of Judea. Already, for 
two years, had been heard the warning and awful 
cry of Jesus the son of Ananus, " A voice from 
the East ! a voice against Jerusalem and the 
Temple I" That cry was but an echo of the feel- 
ings and sentiments of the Apostle himself, and 



TO JERUSALEM AND ANTIOCH. 265 

must have sunk upon his heart with a deep and 
solemn interest. It would serve to shew him 
also, that in Jerusalem was no place of tarrying — 
it was no abiding city for himself and fellow- 
Christians. Their Master had told them to flee 
out of the city, and trust not in its outward de- 
fences or the zealous courage of its inhabitants. 
All his followers, therefore, who believed his words 
observed the signs predicted, and like Lot from 
Sodom escaped for their lives before the fiery in- 
dignation fell upon the devoted city, and found a 
Zoar everywhere, because " the Lord of Hosts was 
with them, the God of Jacob was their defence." 

Antioch was to the Apostle in reference to the 
Gentiles, what Jerusalem was in reference to the 
ministration of the Gospel among the Jews. 
Having, therefore, paid his visit to the metropolis 
of the latter, it is conjectured that he next pro- 
ceeded to Antioch, which he had not visited since 
the year a.d. 55. He had promised Philemon 
(a.d. 62) that he would visit the Colossians, and 
had directed him to prepare a lodging. From 
Antioch the Apostle probably proceeded, in con- 
sequence of that intimation, to Colosse. He had 
also intimated to the Philippians his hope of 
coming amongst them, and " abiding and con- 
tinuing with them for their furtherance of joy 
and faith." (Philippians i. 25.) Philippi would, 



266 PROGRESS TOWARDS ROME. 

therefore, form another object of his route. We 
read (2 Timothy, iv. 20) that he left Erastus at 
Corinth, which he could not have done previous 
to this journey. The presumption, therefore, is, 
that from Philippi in Macedonia he went to Corinth, 
to visit his converts there, whom he had not seen 
for six years. We next trace him at Troas (2 
Timothy, iv. 13), where he left his cloak and 
parchments. At this place he had (a.d. 58) 
preached with great earnestness, and wrought a 
miracle upon the lifeless body of Eutychus, who 
had fallen from a window, overcome by sleep, 
during the Apostle's long address. 

We next find St. Paul (2 Tim. iv. 20) at Mile- 
tus, where he left Trophimus, who had been his 
companion, sick. Miletus was a celebrated port 
in Caria, conveniently situated for traffic, both to 
the opposite continents of Greece and all places 
lying in connexion with the Mediterranean Sea. 
Miletus was deeply involved in the various events 
of Ionian warfare ; and though it sent out various 
colonies, it has now neither name nor place. 
His former departure from Miletus (a.d. 58) 
will be remembered as having been rendered re- 
markable by the display of the most affectionate 
kindness of his friends, forming the beginning of 
that sunshine of sympathy and devoted attach- 
ment which followed him from that place to Jeru- 



ST. PAUL AGAIN A PRISONER. 267 

salem. On that occasion he was journeying to- 
wards the city of his fathers, where bonds and 
imprisonment awaited him. Now he was on his 
way to Rome, to seal, with his latest breath, the 
testimony of Him whose minister and devoted 
servant he was. 

On his arrival at Rome he found a great change 
since his departure three years before. The vicious 
principles of the Emperor Nero had rapidly de- 
veloped themselves in a progress of enormities, 
debasing to human nature, whilst the rabid re- 
presentations of the Jews had prevailed to render 
the name of Christians obnoxious to the state. 
The city had been set on fire, as it is supposed, 
by the Emperor himself; and the blame of such 
a flagitious crime was laid to the charge of the 
followers of Jesus of Nazareth, who were, there- 
tore, now hunted from place to place with the 
bitterest enmity, and persecuted with unsparing 
cruelty. As a very leading character amongst 
them, St. Paul no sooner appeared at Rome than 
he was thrown into such close and secret confine- 
ment, that with difficulty Onesiphorus (2 Tim. i. 
16), who before had ministered to him at Ephesus, 
where his family resided, found him out. 

So fierce, indeed, was the persecution against 
him, and so great the danger which threatened 
not only him but all who belonged to the brother- 



268 ST. PAUL AGAIN A PRISONER. 

hood, that at his first answer, as he himself writes 
to Timothy (2nd, iv. 16), " no man stood with him, 
but all men forsook him." With his usual 
ability he appears to have conducted and de- 
fended himself on this occasion, not only in refer- 
ence to his own unimpeachable conduct, but to 
the purity of the faith for which he was content 
to suffer persecutions. The promise of the Divine 
Head of the Church was realized in his support, 
and for the promotion of His word; for "by 
him the preaching was so fully known, that all 
the Gentiles heard" the name of that Saviour, 
who, of the united race of Jew and Gentile, died 
alike for the circumcision and the uncircumcision. 
For the present, therefore, " he was delivered out 
of the mouth of the lion," but whether literally or 
metaphorically is not known. 

Little more is known from any of the inspired 
writings respecting the remainder of his sojourn at 
Rome previous to his death, which event was now 
approaching. He had undergone almost every kind 
of privation and suffering in testimony of his sin- 
cerity in the way of the Gospel. He, who once 
persecuted others with unsparing fury, had been 
from the very outset of his Christian career to its 
final close, himself an object of the most bitter 
and unceasing persecution — first, by his own coun- 
trymen, and then, when they had lost the power, 



SECOND EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY. 269 

by the Gentiles also, in whose behalf he had 
traversed so large a space of the habitable globe. 
But before his death one other memorial of his 
affectionate earnestness for the Church and his 
beloved friends was sent forth, in his Second 
Epistle to Timothy, from which we have gathered 
many of the facts relative to the conclusion of his 
apostolical career. 

The Second Epistle to Timothy was the last, 
the only consolation he could now give to his 
beloved son, and through him to the brother- 
hood. He was now almost alone; for only Luke 
was with him, who, after a separation of some 
time, had again rejoined him. Demas had, 
under trying circumstances, abjured the faith 
which he once professed, and for which he 
had been commended and associated with the 
believers — and forsaken him and gone into Thes- 
salonica ; whilst the rest of the brethren had 
severally returned to their respective charges: 
Crescens to Galatia, and Titus to Dalmatia. But 
no desertion of false friends, nor absence of true 
ones ; no loneliness of prison, nor threatenings of 
torments, could awe his spirit or abate his trust 
in God. He saw the blow which was about to 
descend. He saw it, unmoved, as the rock which 
dashes back the swelling surge. The closer 
danger pressed, the more sublimely rose his con- 



270 SECOND EPISTLE TO TIMOTHY. 

fidence. He had before expressed the necessity 
of watchfulness, lest after all he should be a cast- 
away, and of pressing forward because the goal 
was not yet attained. Now, his soul exults in 
triumph. The testimony of " a conscience void 
of offence towards God and towards man," shed 
before him the sunshine of unclouded hope, swal- 
lowed up in the instant realization of victory. 

His had been a life of active zeal : the setting 
of his days was one magnificent blaze of glorious 
splendour; "he had fought the good fight," — his 
course was well-nigh run, "he had kept the 
faith." Henceforth the prospect before him was 
the possession of the Crown of Righteousness, 
stored up for him in the day when he should be 
offered as a victim on the altar, the time of which 
was now at hand. 

The Second Epistle to Timothy contains St. 
PauFs dying blessing, and shews his unabated 
love both for him and the Church of God. It 
displays a beautiful and an affectionate exhorta- 
tion to his dearly-beloved son, that he would re- 
main faithful to his holy calling, both as an in- 
dividual Christian and a bishop of the Church 
(which office he was to commit to others, also,) 
under all difficulties of trials and opposition, apo- 
stacy, dissension, and persecution. His last re- 
corded words — which w T ere not only a dying 



ST. PAUl/s MARTYRDOM. 271 

blessing to him and to the brotherhood, but a 
plain recognition of the Godhead of Him who had 
called him, and snatched him as a brand from the 
fire — are, "The Lord Jesus Christ be with thy 
spirit. Grace be with you. Amen." 

It is asserted by some that St. Paul suffered 
martyrdom by having his head cut off with a 
sword, the punishment of free-born Romans; 
whilst others state that he was exposed to wild 
beasts, a mode of execution practised by his per- 
secutors upon the defenceless Christians, on the 
29th of June, a.d. 66. 



CHAPTER XXL 

a.d. 66-96. 

St. Peter. — His Two General Epistles — His Martyrdom. — 

St. Jude. — His Epistle Destruction of Jerusalem St. 

John the Divine. — The Apocalypse or Revelation. — His 
Three Epistles — His Gospel. 

We have seen St. Paul finishing his ministerial 
race of usefulness, and sealing the testimony of 
his apostleship with the blood of martyrdom, a.d. 
66. Nor was his the only blood of Christian 
worthies poured forth that year, during the general 
persecution of Nero; for that noble pillar of the truth 
as it is in Jesus, Peter the Galilean, the zealous, 
ardent fisher of men, was this year prostrated by 
the blow of death. He and his active coadjutor in 
the work of evangelising the world were cut off 
in the same year ; and both of them, as martyrs, 
at Rome. But as the one before his departure 
bequeathed a monument of his faith and love and 
obedience to his son Timothy, for the benefit of the 
whole Church; so did the other finish his sphere 
of evangelical usefulness by leaving two records 
of the doctrine he had received from his Divine 



ST. PETER. 273 

Master, and of his own affection towards his 
fellow-Christians. 

The two General Epistles of St. Peter were 
written from Rome, very soon after one another. 
Their object, taken from the fiery circumstances of 
the times, was to impart consolation and encou- 
ragement to those who were suffering under the 
persecution of the bloody Nero. Already St. 
Paul had been shut up, and suffered martyrdom 
in that persecution; and St. Peter himself was 
now in bonds, waiting for the fulfilment of that 
prediction of his Divine Master given by the lake 
of Gennesareth, when the restitution of the fallen 
Apostle to his pastoral office was blended with an 
allusion to the death, with which he should here- 
after terminate his life of activity in propagating 
the message of glad tidings. 

Rightly interpreting the signs of the times 
spoken of by his Divine Master, when he depicted 
the misery and desolation which would one day 
fall upon Jerusalem, and being conscious of his 
own approaching end, the zealous Apostle was 
not unmindful of the sheep and lambs whom he 
had been appointed to feed. Accordingly, when 
he could no longer be present with them, like his 
fellow-labourer the Apostle of the Gentiles, who 
had already passed to the home of blessedness 
through the bloody gate of martyrdom, he de- 



274 FIRST AND SECOND 

voted his remaining days to the execution of those 
epistles or letters which bear his name. 

The First Epistle of St. Peter was addressed to 
" the strangers scattered throughout Pontus, Ga- 
latia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia." In it he 
endeavours to fortify their minds and hearts 
under the pressure of manifold temptations by 
the encouraging nature of their Christian warfare, 
the reward of which is not of earth but of heaven; 
and as a proof of their sincerity in this spiritual 
eontest, he calls upon them to perform all their 
relative duties of citizens, masters, servants, hus- 
bands, and parents, by cultivating unity and peace 
among themselves, and patiently submitting to 
injuries and sufferings by the example of Christ 
Jesus, who " suffered, the just for the unjust, that 
he might bring them to God." Warning them 
of the approaching end of all things, he points 
out the necessary duties of prayer and watchful- 
ness, and the faithful discharge of all duties, 
whether as elders or bishops, or as inferior officers 
in the Church, together with that steadfastness in 
the way of w r ell-doing w T hich would be attended 
with present support, and rewarded with future 
glories. 

This First Epistle was soon followed by another, 
in which the Apostle devotes his powerful advice 
to the correction of sundry errors in doctrine 



GENERAL EPISTLE OF ST. PETER. 275 

brought in by the Manicheans and Gnostics, some 
of whose expressions he uses against themselves, 
with an asperity consonant with his zeal, which 
neither age nor imprisonment could quench, when 
called forth in vindicating the truth and purity of 
that Gospel which for so many years he had so 
steadfastly and powerfully advocated and taught. 
Reminding his fellow-Christians of the necessity 
of going on to the accumulation of virtue upon 
virtue, he cautions them against the danger of in- 
curring the punishment due to apostates, by refer- 
ence to the fallen angels, the old world, the cities 
of the plain, and Balaam. As his dying bequest he 
exhorts them to look forward beyond this vale of 
trial to the acquisition of that state of blessedness 
" wherein dwelleth righteousness." He confirms 
also the authority of the Epistles of his " beloved 
brother Paul ; " and again cautioning the brethren 
against being led away with the error of the 
wdcked, he calls upon them to " grow in grace." 

In such a manner did St. Peter close his preach- 
ing and teaching ; above all, affording encourage- 
ment by his unswerving maintenance of what he 
taught in his own conduct and steadfastness. He 
had actively fulfilled his ministerial office. Whilst 
at large, he had never slackened his zeal in going 
about preaching, and confirming the churches; 
when shut up he remembered his charge, and 



276 MARTYRDOM OF ST. PETER. 

was no less urgent in comforting, exhorting, warn- 
ing, and admonishing them according to their 
difficulties, dangers, and errors. Nor was his end 
unbecoming the tenor of his whole life. The 
fisherman of Galilee, the follower of Jesus of 
Nazareth, the Apostle of the risen Saviour, the 
martyr of the glorious Gospel, was evermore the 
warm, the active, the unwearied, the unflinching 
character ; not without faults, but abounding with 
a fervid zeal, which urged him to activity in every 
enterprise — an activity which ceased only with 
life. 

That life was brought to a close in the Nero- 
nian persecution a.d. 66, the same year (and, as 
some imagine, the same day,) in which Paul of 
Tarsus suffered martyrdom. Their manner of 
execution was in conformity with their several 
stations. One, as a citizen of Rome, was be- 
headed; the other suffered death as a common 
malefactor on the cross, as did his Divine Master, 
but at his own request with his head downward, 
because he deemed himself unworthy, even in that 
disgraceful mode of punishment, to be on an 
equality with Him. 

Thus, in one and the same year, two of the 
noblest pillars of the Christian Church fell. 
Greatly must their loss have beeu felt by all the 
churches ; for that was no time of safety or quiet- 



ST. JUDE. 277 

ness. Many of their members had blasphemed. 
False doctrines were amongst them. There were 
wars without, strivings within. Persecutions as- 
sailed all. Errors perverted some. Nothing but 
Truth, assisted by the agency of the Holy Spirit,- 
could have survived the conflict, or animated to 
steadfastness the followers of a crucified Master, 
maligned, buffeted, betrayed, given over to im- 
prisonment, and deaths the most painful, and 
cruelties most elaborately refined. At such a 
time to have lost the superintending guidance 
and » example of two such teachers and leaders as 
St. Paul and St. Peter, was indeed a powerful 
blow, which gave their enemies cause to triumph, 
and afforded occasion of sorrowing and despond- 
ency to the faithful. 

The dangers which hedged in the Christian 
Church on every side from false teachers, are 
evinced in the last Epistles of St. Paul, and in a 
short but expressive one, written a. d. 66, byJude. 
The latter Apostle, known also by the names of 
Lebbeus and Thaddeus, was brother of James the 
Less, bishop of Jerusalem, and a near kinsman of 
our Lord. He was one of the Twelve, of whose 
history little is recorded in the sacred canon. 
From other sources we are led to infer that he 
was a tiller of the ground, a married man with a 



278 EPISTLE OF ST. JUDE. 

family, and that he was sent on an evangelical 
mission to the city of Edessa, to Agbarus king of 
Osroene. 

Instructed in the faith, and commissioned to 
the work of an Apostle by the same Divine 
Master who gave authority to the Twelve to 
preach the Gospel, the Epistle of St. Jude, ad- 
dressed to the Christian professors in the year a.d. 
66, that period of persecution, false doctrine, and 
bitter trials, has equal force and authority with 
the writings of the other Apostles. It was sent 
forth as a brief but energetic warning against the 
prevailing errors of the day ; those false doctrines 
which St. Peter had so sharply reproved in his 
Second Epistle, to which it bears a striking re- 
semblance both in spirit and expressions. In it 
the faithful are exhorted to steadfastness, and 
warned against falling away, by examples taken 
from the Old Testament, and by references to the 
written expositions of the other Apostles of Jesus 
Christ, which foretold and denounced the practices 
of false teachers. 

The General Epistle of St. Jude was the last 
warning voice of the Holy Spirit before the de- 
struction of Jerusalem. That day was now draw- 
ing on. The principal immediate followers of 
Christ had been taken from this stage of exist- 



ST. JOHN. 279 

ence. It had been foretold that not one of them 
should survive that tremendous event. The Canon 
of Scripture, therefore, was now well-nigh com- 
pleted. And as the death of Moses was a mani- 
fest token of the near approach of the entrance of 
their forefathers into the land of promise ; so now 
the death of the chosen Apostles, in various 
places, became a sign that the day of the desola- 
tion of that land and the complete rejection of 
Israel was at hand: other signs, which were pre- 
cursors of that day, had been progressing with 
such marked precision, that they could read who 
ran. 

Four years after the martyrdom of St. Paul and 
St. Peter (a.d. 70) Jerusalem was destroyed, the 
Temple laid waste and ploughed up, and the Jews 
themselves ceased to be reckoned, although mixed 
up everywhere, amongst the nations of the earth. 
Every minute particle of Scripture prophecy had 
been fulfilled; affording as well an evidence of 
the immutable truth of God's word, as a striking 
proof that no one, whether nations, or individuals, 
or churches, can set themselves up against the 
Divine Power, or wilfully despise the Divine 
Command, but to their certain destruction. 

One Apostle, and he the beloved Disciple of our 
Lord, survived the annihilation of the Jewish state. 
James, the first Bishop of Jerusalem, had fallen a 



280 ST. JOHN. 

victim to the pitiless vengeance of the Jews; 
Peter and Paul had perished in the bloody per- 
secution of the tyrant Nero ; Timothy, Dionysius 
the Areopagite, and the most illustrious of the 
first-fruits of their ministration, had also been 
carried off in the Domitian persecution ; St. John 
alone remained ; and to him was left the office of 
perfecting the Scripture Canon of the New Testa- 
ment. When he had completed this he died, not 
less than one hundred years old, as it is generally 
believed, a natural death at Ephesus, in the early 
part of the reign of the Emperor Trajan. As he 
had lived in the exercise of love and gentleness in 
every state of his protracted life, so did he sink 
into the grave serenely and placidly, exchanging 
his earthly usefulness for heavenly glory, but not 
before he had left written memorials of his faith, 
love, and experience. 

They who closely trace the gradual develope- 
ment of the scheme of Divine Mercy recorded in 
the Old Testament, become aware of the beautiful 
and regular economy by which that scheme was 
brought to perfection. The promise made to our 
guilty parents was less definite than the renewal 
of it to Abraham, in whose family it became li- 
mited. It was again made more plain when as- 
signed to the tribe of Judah ; still plainer when 
defined to the race and family of David ; and il- 



ST. JOHN. 281 

lustrated in different ways, with extended cir- 
cumstances, by Isaiah and other Prophets, until 
Malachi proclaimed the period within which it 
should be accomplished. 

Thus did the voice of Prophecy speak to them 
of old of the mystery of the Gospel, developing 
with broader and more discursive light the rising 
of the Day- Star on high, until the Sun of Righte- 
ousness burst forth in all the splendour and power 
of revealed godliness. There were also many 
other circumstances interwoven in these predic- 
tions, which have not even yet been realized, in 
reference to the chosen family of the Jews, but 
which will as certainly be fulfilled as any of those 
already accomplished. To their prophecies the 
Jews of old could appeal, as irrefragable proofs of 
the truth of their polity ; for prophecy is con- 
tinually an accumulating evidence. He who gave 
the Hebrews that evidence for their own comfort, 
and the refutation of their blasphemers, has not 
left the new dispensation of His grace without a 
similar evidence. The Apocalypse of St. John, 
promulged about the year 96, stands in the place 
of a continued succession of prophets in the Chris- 
tian, such as were in the Jewish Church, until 
the second coming of Christ to judge the world. 
Ever the beloved Disciple of his Divine Master, 
and now venerable for years and sanctity, he was 



282 THE APOCALYPSE. 

divinely inspired to record a number of visions, 
in which the Almighty God revealed to him the 
various vicissitudes of the Church of Christ through 
periods of darkness, and superstition, and error, 
and persecution, to the consummation of all things, 
the day of the complete triumph of the power of 
godliness. 

This revelation was made to the Evangelist in 
the island of Patmos, where he lived in exile, some 
time before the termination of the Domitian per- 
secution. That revelation had for its object, as 
well to make known to him the then state of the 
Christian Churches in Asia, viz. " the things that 
are ; 9J as to set before him " the things which 
shall be hereafter ; " that is, " the constitution 
and fates of the Christian Church through its 
several periods of propagation, corruption, and 
amendment, from its beginning to its consumma- 
tion in glory." The publication of the Apoca- 
lypse was made soon after St. John's return to 
Ephesus, the city of his pastoral charge, and 
from which he had been banished in the Domitian 
persecution to Patmos, where it was composed. 

Previous to this, and subsequent to the destruc- 
tion of Jerusalem, he had planted the Churches of 
Smyrna, Pergamos, Laodicea, Sardis, Philadelphia, 
Thyatira, and others in Asia Minor. To these 
seven Churches — alas, they are now but a name ! — 



FIRST EPISTLE OF ST. JOHN. 283 

he addressed the Revelation, and pointed out to them 
their several states or conditions, and afforded 
them instruction or warning suited to their infi- 
delity, their lukewarmness, their declension in 
spirit, their trials and afflictions, and fitted to the 
circumstances of all churches and communities, 
when placed under the same relative conditions . 

It was about this period, also, after his return to 
Ephesus, that St. John sent forth his First Epistle, 
which indicates the mild benevolence and meek- 
ness of one on whose bosom the head of the Sa- 
viour had been wont to recline, and in whose heart 
was cherished the true spirit of His own surpassing 
love. Since the destruction of Jerusalem and 
the death of so many active defenders of the 
truth, false teachers, anti-Christs, had sprung up 
and begun to abound. Amongst these were the 
Docetse, persons who denied the Humanity of the 
Saviour, by affirming that he was but a kind of 
phantom, and not a real person. There were also 
the Cerinthians and Ebionites, who asserted on 
the other hand his absolute Humanity, but uncon- 
nected with the Divinity ; whilst the Nicolaitans, 
or Gnostics, taught not only that knowledge was 
salvation, but that justification by faith superseded 
the necessity of personal holiness. These were the 
anti-Christs — these the great and prevailing errors 
of that day, against which the beloved Disciple was 



284 SECOND AND THIRD EPISTLE. 

called upon to warn the Churches of the true God, 
in his evangelical commentary upon them, and 
his delightful exposition of the Christian faith 
contained in his First Epistle. 

In his First Epistle, St. John not only denounces 
error but sets forth truth; not only cautions 
against false doctrine, but enforces the test of all 
profession, that which was bequeathed as his Mas- 
ter's dying and parting legacy — love, or Christian 
charity. His Second Epistle was written about the 
same time (a.d. 96), and addressed to a noble 
Christian lady and her children, to put them on 
their guard against the pernicious effects of false 
teachers, and to exhort them to walk after the 
commandment of mutual love and obedience. 
The Third Epistle of St. John was addressed to 
Gaius, supposed to have been a Gentile converted 
to the faith by the Apostle himself, and therefore 
not the same with any of those of that name 
mentioned in the Pauline writings. This Gaius 
was so eminent for his Christian hospitality that 
his charity was well reported of by all. He had 
given entertainment to some Christian preachers 
commended to him by the Apostle, who here 
praises his faithfulness, and prays that he may 
prosper in blessings both temporal and spiritual. 
Warning him of the presumption of Diotrephes, 
and commending unto him Demetrius, he con- 



GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN. 285 

eludes by sending him his benediction and salu- 
tation. 

We have now to notice but one other publica- 
tion, to complete the sacred Canon of the New 
Testament, as we have received it. St. Matthew 
had written his Gospel Narrative during the 
Pauline persecution, for the use of the dispersed 
Christians, natives of Judea. St. Mark, under 
the direction of St. Peter, wrote his Gospel Nar- 
rative during the Herodian persecution, for the 
use of the converts of the gate. St. Luke, under 
the superintendence of St. Paul, published his 
Gospel Narrative, and the Acts of the Apostles 
soon after the first Neronian persecution, for the 
use of the Gentiles converted by that Apostle. 
Nearly forty years had elapsed since the last of 
these was sent forth. All had perished who had 
seen Christ in the flesh. Jerusalem had drunk 
the dregs of the fury of the Lord. False teachers 
had sprung up and sorely rent the Christian 
Church, whilst the persecution of heathen em- 
perors had caused many to blaspheme, after having 
slain innumerable witnesses of the truth. 

There wanted but one other publication, which, 
after reviewing the former Gospel Narratives, 
might supply their deficiencies, state facts to re- 
fute prevailing errors, and close the Holy Volume 



286 GOSPEL OF ST. JOHN 

with such evidences of experience and inspiration 
as might stand imperishable records of the truth 
of the Christian dispensation. The Gospel of St. 
John, sent forth in the same year as the Apoca- 
lypse and his Epistles (a.d. 96), almost seventy 
years after the crucifixion of his Divine Master, 
and just before the commencement of the Trajan 
persecution, realized all that was now needed, as 
well to establish the authority of former records 
as to confirm the Christian community, now made 
up without distinction into one body both of Jew 
and Gentile, with strength and principle equal to 
their approaching trials. St. John's former inti- 
macy with the Saviour, his advanced years, his 
patriarchal experience, impressed an authority upon 
his Narrative of the actions and teachings of his 
Master, commensurate with its importance and 
befitting its dignity. 

As the Canon of the Old Testament, therefore, 
was completed by Simon the Just, the last of the 
great Sanhedrim ; so was the Canon of the New 
Testament completed by John the Beloved, the 
last of the evangelical conclave who beheld the 
descent of the Holy Ghost on the day of Pente- 
cost, and whose commission, given to them by 
their Ascended Lord on Mount Olivet, they faith- 
fully discharged "by preaching the Gospel to 



COMPLETES THE NEW TESTAMENT. 287 

every creature ; " " going forth and teaching all 
nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, 
and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost ;" and 
" being witnesses unto Him both in Jerusalem, 
and all Judea, and in Samaria, and unto the utter- 
most part of the earth." 



THE END. 



LONDON : 
GEORGE BAKCLAT, CASTLE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE. 



Ittay, 1846. 

A CATALOGUE OF 

NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 

PRINTED FOR 

MESSRS. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, AND LONGMANS, 
LONDON. 

CLASSIFIED INDEX. 



AGRICULTURE 8c RURAL AFFAIRS. 

Pages 

Bayldon on Valuing Rents, etc. 6 

Crocker's Land Surveying ... 9 

Davy's Agricultural Chemistry - - 9 

Greenwood's (Col.) Tree-Lifter - - 12 

Johnson's Farmer's Encyclopaedia - - 15 

Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture - 18 
,, Self-Instruction for Farmers, etc. 17 
,, (Mrs.) Lady's Country Companion 17 
Low's Breeds of the Domesticated Animals 

of Great Britain .... 19 

,, Elements of Agriculture - - 19 

,, On Landed Property - - - 18 

,, On the Domesticated Animals - IS 

Whitley's Agricultural Geology - - 32 

ARTS, MANUFACTURES, AND 
ARCHITECTURE. 

Brande's Dictionary of Science, Litera- 
ture, and Art ------ 6 

Budge's Miner's Guide 7 

De Burtin on the Knowledge of Pictures 9 

Eastlake's History of Oil Paintine - - 10 
Gruner's Decorations of the Queen's 

Pavilion ------ 12 

Gwilt's Encyclopaediaof Architecture - 12 

Haydon's Lectures on Painting & Design 13 

Holland's Manufactures in Metal - - 13 

Lerebours On Photography - - - 17 
Loudon's Encyclopaedia of'Cottage, Farm, 

and Villa Architecture and Furniture - 18 

Maitland's Church in the Catacombs - 20 

Porter's Manufacture of Silk - - - 24 

,, ,, Porcelain & Glass 24 

Reid (Dr.) on Warming and Ventilating 25 

Steam Engine (The) , by the Artisan Club 5 
Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures 
and Mines - - - 



31 



BIOGRAPHY. 

Aikin's Life of Addison - - - - 5 

Bell's Lives of the British Poets - - 6 

Dover's Life of the King of Prussia - - 10 

Dunham's Early Writers of Britain - 10 

,, Lives of the British Dramatists 10 
Forster's Statesmen of the Commonwealth 

of England 11 

Gleig's Lives of the most Eminent British 

Military Commanders - - - - 11 

Grant (Mrs.) Memoir and Correspondence 11 

James's Life of the Black Prince - 15 

,, Eminent Foreign Statesmen - 15 

Lai's (M.) Life of Dost^Mahomed - - 21 

Leslie's Life of Constable - - - 17 

Life of a Travelling Phvsician - - 17 

Mackintosh's Life of Sir T. More - - 19 

Maunder's Biographical Treasurv - 21 

Mignet's Antonio Perez and Phiiip II. - 21 

Roberts's Life of the Duke of Monmouth 25 

Roscoe's Lives of Eminent British Lawyers 25 

Russell's Bedford Correspondence - 26 
Shelley's Eminent Literary Men of Italy, 

etc. - 27 

,, Eminent French Writers - -27 



Pages 

Southey's Lives of the British Admirals - 28 

„ Life of Wesley - - - - 28 

Townsend's Lives of Twelve eminent 
Judges -------30 

Waterton's Autobiography and Essays - 31 

BOOKS OF GENERAL UTILITY. 

Acton's (Eliza) Cookery Book 5 

Black's Treatise on Brewiug 6 

,, Supplement on Bavarian Beer - 6 

Collegian's Guide ..... 8 

Donovan's Domestic Economy - - 10 

Hand-Book of Taste - 12 

Hints on Etiquette ----- 13 

Hudson's Parent's Hand-Book - - 14 

,, Executor's Guide - - - 14 

„ On Making Wills - - - 14 

Loudon's Self Instruction - - 17 

Maunder's Treasury of Knowledge - - 20 

,, Scientific and LiteraryTreasury 21 

„ Treasury of History - - 21 

,, Biographical Treasury - - 21 

„ Universal Class-Book - - 21 

Parkes's Domestic Duties - - - 23 

Pycroft's Course of English Reading - 24 

Riddle's Eng.-Lat. ancfLat.-Eng. Diet. 25 

Robinson's Art of Curing, Pickling, etc. 25 

Short Whist ------ 27 

Thomson's Management of Sick Room - 30 

,, Interest Tables - - 30 

Tomlins' Law Dictionary - - - - 30 

Webster's Encycl. of Domestic Economy 31 

BOTANY AND GARDENING. 

Abercrombie's Practical Gardener 5 
,, and Main's Gardener's 

Companion 5 

Callcott's Scripture Herbal 7 

Conversations on Botany ... 8 

Drummond's First Steps to Botany - - 10 

Glendinning On the Pine Apple - - 11 

Greenwood's (Col.) Tree-Lifter - - 12 

Grimblot's William III. and Louis XIV. 12 

Henslow's Botany 13 

Hoare On the Grape Vine on Open Walls 13 

,, On the Roots of Vines - 13 

Hooker's British Flora - - - - 13 

,, andTavlor's MuscologiaBritannica 13 

Jackson's Pictorial Flora - - - 15 

Lindley's Theory of Horticulture - - 17 

,, Orchard and Kitchen Garden - 17 

,, Introduction to Botany - -17 

,, Flora Medica - - - 17 

,, Synopsis of British Flora - - 17 

Loudon's Hortus Britannicus - - - 18 

,, Hortus Lignosus Londinensis - 18 

,, Encyclopaedia of Trees & Shrubs 18 

,, u Gardening - 18 

,, ,, Plants - - 18 

,, Suburban Gardener - - - IS 

,, Self-Instruction for Gardeners, 

etc. 17 

Repton's Landscape Gardening and Land- 
scape Architecture - - - - 25 



London : Printed by M. Mason, Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row. 



Pages 

Rivers's Rose Amateur's Guide - -25 

Rogers's Vegetable Cultivator - - - 25 

Schleiden's Scientific Botany - - 26 

Smith's Introduction to Botany - - 27 

,, English Flora - 27 

,, Compendium of English Flora - 27 

CHRONOLOGY. 

Blair's Chronological Tables 6 

Calendar (Illuminated) and Diary - - 15 

Nicolas's Chronology of History - - 23 

Riddle's Ecclesiastical Chronology - - 25 

Tate's Horatius Restitutus - - - 29 

COMMERCE AND MERCANTILE 
AFFAIRS. 

Gilbart On Banking - - - - U 

Lorimer's Letters to a Master Mariner - 17 

M'Culloch's Dictionary of Commerce - 19 

Steel's Shipmaster's Assistant - - - 28 

Thomsons Tables of Interest - 30 

Walford's Customs' Laws - - 31 

CEOCRAPHY AND ATLASES. 

Butler's Sketch of Ancient and Modern 

Geography - - - • 7 

„ Atlas of Modern Geography - 7 j 

,, ,, Ancient Geography - 7 ' 

Cooley's World Surveyed - - - 8 j 

De Strzelecki's New South Wales - - 9 

Forster's Historical Geography of Arabia 11 ' 

Hall's New General Atlas - - _ 12 ; 

M'Culloch's Geographical Dictionary - 19 

Murray's Encyclopaedia of Geography . 22 ! 
Ordnance Maps, and Publications of the 

Geological Society - - - - 2; 

Parrot's Ascent of Mount Ararat - - I 

HISTORY AND CRITICISM. 

Adair's (SirR.) Mission to Vienna - - £ 
,, Negotiations for the Peace of the 

Dardanelles I 
Addison's Historv of the Knights Templars ' 

Bell's History of Russia ( 

Blair's Chron. and Historical Tables - ( 

Bloomfield's Translation of Thucydides - < 

,, Edition of Thucydides - - { 

Bunsen's Egypt _____ J 

Cooley's Maritime and Inland Discovery I 

Crowe's History of France J 

Dahlmann's English Revolution - - i 

De Sismondi's Fall of the Roman Empire { 

,, Italian Republics i 

Dunham's History of Spain and Portugal 1( 

,, Europe'in the Middle Ages - 1( 

,, History of the German Empire 1C 

,, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway 1( 

,, History of Poland - 1C 

Dunlop's History of Fiction - - 1C 

Eccleston's English Antiquities - - 10 

Fergus's History of United States of 

America -------10 

Grant (Mrs.) Memoir and Corespoudence 11 

Grattan's History of Netherlands - - 11 

Guicciardini's Hist. Maxims - - - 12 

Halsted's Life of Richard III. - - 12 

Haydon's Lectures on Painting and Design 13 

Historical Pictures of the Middle Ages - 13 

Horsley's (Bp.) Biblical Criticism - - 14 
Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions to the 

Edinburgh Review - - _ - 15 
Keightley's Outlines of History - - 15 
Laing's Kings of Norway - - - 16 
Lempriere's Classical Dictionary - - 17 
Macaulay's Essays - - 19 
Mackinnon's History of Civilisation - 19 
Mackintosh's History of England - - 19 
,, Miscellaneous Works - 19 
M'Culloch's Dictionary, Historical, Geo- 
graphical, and Statistical - - - 19 
Maunder's Treasury of History - - 21 



Pages 

Mignet's Antonio Perez and Philip II. - "21 

Milner's Church History - - - - 21 

Moore's History of Ireland - - 21 

Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - - 22 

Muller's Mythology ----- 22 

Nicolas's Chronology of History - - 23 

Rauke's History of the Reformation - 24 
Roberts's Rebellion, etc. of the Duke of 

Monmouth ------ 25 

Rome, History of 25 

Russell's Correspondence of the Duke of 

Bedford ------- 6 

Scott's Historv of Scotland - - - 26 

Stebbing's History of the Christian Church 2S 

,, Historv of the Reformation - 28 

,, Church History - - 28 

Switzerland, History of - - - - 29 

Svdney Smith's Works - - - -2/ 

Thirl wall's Historv of Greece - 29 

Tooke's Historv of Prices - - - 30 

Turner's History of England - - - 30 

Tytler's Elements of General History - 31 

Zumpt's Latin Grammar - - - - 32 

JUVENILE BOOKS, 

Including Mrs. Marcet's Works. 
Boy's (the) Own Book - - - - 6 
Conscience's Flemish Sketches - 8 

Hawes's Tales of the N. American Indians 13 
Howitt's Bov's Country Book - - - 14 
Mackintosh's Life of Sir T. More - - 19 
Marcet's Conversations — 

On the History of England 

On Chemistry _'---« 

On Natural Philosophy 

On Political Economy 

On Vegetable Physiology - 

On Land and Water - 

On Language - - - - - 
Marcet's Game ofGrammar 

,, Willy's Grammar 

,, Lessons on Animals, etc. - 
Marryat's Masterman Ready - 

„ Settlers in Canada 

„ Mission; or, Scenes in Africa 
Maunder's Universal Class Book 
Pycroft's (the Rev. J.) , English Reading 

MEDICINE. 

Bull's Hints to Mothers - 

„ Management of Children 
Copland's Dictionary of Medici 
Elliotson's Human Physiology 
Holland's Medical Notes - 
Lefevre (Sir Geo.) on the Ner 
Pereira On Foo \ and Diet 
Reece's Medical Guide 
Sandby On Mesmerism - - - - 26 
Wigan (Dr.) Ou Insanity - - 32 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Adshead on Prisons and Prisoners 5 

Bray's Philosophy of Necessity 7 

Clavers's Forest Life ... - 8 

Cocks's Bordeaux, etc. 8 

Collegian's Guide ----- 8 

Colton's Lacon ------ 8 

De BurtiivOn the Knowledge of Pictures 9 

De Morgan On Probabilities - - - 9 

De Strzelecki's New South Wales 9 
Dunlop's History of Fiction - - -10 

Good's Book of Nature - - 11 

Graham's English ----- 11 

Grant's Letters from the Mountains - H 

Guest's Mabinosjion 12 

Hand-Book of Taste - - - - 12 

Hobbes's (Thos.) complete Works - 13 

Howitt's Rural Life of England - - 14 

„ Visits to Remarkable Places - 14 

,, Student-Life of Germany - - 14 



TO MESSRS. LONGMAN AND CO/S CATALOGUE. 



Pages 
Howitt's Rural and Social Life of Germany 14 
,, Colonisation and Christianity - 14 
Humphreys' Illuminated Hooks - - IS 
Illuminated Calendar and Diary for 1845 15 
Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions to the 

Edinburgh Review - - - - 15 

Lane's Lite at the Water Cure - - 16 

Lefevre (Sir Geo.) On the'Nerves - 17 

Life of a Traveling Physician - - - 17 

Loudon's (Mrs.) Lady's Country Companion 1/ 
Macaulav's Critical and Historical Kssays 19 
Mackintosh's 'Sir J.) Miscellaneous Works 19 
Michelet's Priests, Women, and Families 

,, The People - - - - 21 
Midler's Mythology ----- 22 
Necker DeSaussure's Progressive Educa 

tion ------ 

Perry On German University Education 

Peter Plymlev's Letters - 

Pycroft's English Reading 

Rowton's Debater - - 

Sandby On Mesmerism - 

Sandford's Parochialia - 

Seaward 's Narrative of his Shipwreck 

Smith's (Rev. Sydnev) Works 

Southey's Common-Place Book 

Taylor's Statesman - 

Walker's Chess Studies - 

Welsford On Language - 

Wigan (Dr.) On lnsa'nity 

Wiiloughby's (Lady) Diary 

Zumpt's Latin Grammar - 



NATURAL HISTORY IN GENERAL. 

Catlow's Popular Conchologr \ 

Doubledav's Butterflies and Moths - 1( 

Drummond's Letters to a Naturalist - 1( 
Gray's Figures of Molluscous Animals - 1: 
,, Mammalia - - - - - li 
,, and Mitchell's Ornithology - - 1' 
Kirby and Spence's Entomology 
Lee's Taxidermy - 

,, Elements of Natural History - 
Marcet's Conversations on Animals, etc. 



- 22 



27 



17 
17 
20 
22 

Stephens' British'Coleoptera - - 28 

Swainson on the Study of Natural History 29 
,, Animals - - - - 29 

„ Quadrupeds - 29 

„ Birds - - - 29 

,, Animals in Menageries - 29 

,, Fish, Amphibians, & Reptiles 29 

,, Insects - - - 29 

,, Malacology - - - - 29 

,, the Habits and Instincts of 

Animals - - - - 29 
,, Taxidermy - 29 

Turton's Shells of the British Islands - 31 
Waterton's Essays on Natural History - 31 
Westwood's Classification of Insects - 32 
Zoology of H.M. S.s' Erebus and Terror 32 

NOVELS AND WORKS OF FICTION. 

Bray's (Mrs.) Novels 7 

Conscience's Flemish Sketches 8 



Doctor (The; 
Dunlop's History of Fiction 
Margaret Russell - 
Marryat's Masterman Ready 
„ Settlers in Canada - 

,, Mission; or, Scenes ii 
Pericles, A Tale of Athens 
Willis s (M.P.) Dashes at Life 



32 



ONE VOLUME ENCYCLOPEDIAS 
AND DICTIONARIES. 

Blaine's, of Rural Sports 6 

Brande's, of Science, Literature, and Art 6 
Copland's, of Medicine - 8 



Pages 

Cresy's, of Civil Engineering - 9 

Gwilt's, of Architecture - - 12 

Johnson's Farmer - 15 

Loudon's, of Trees and Shrubs - 18 

,, of Gardening - 18 

,, of Agriculture - - - - 18 

„ of Plants 18 

,, of Rural Architecture - 18 
M'Culloch'sGeographical, Statistical, and 

Historical Dictionary - 19 

,, Commerce - - - - 19 

Murray's Encyclopedia of Geography - 22 

Ure's Arts, Manufactures, and Mines - 31 

Webster's Domestic Economy - -31 

POETRY AND THE DRAMA. 

Aikin's (Dr.) British Poets - 26 

Bowdler's Family Shakspeare - - - 26 

Chalenor's Walter Gray - 8 

,, Poetical Remains 8 

Collier's Roxburghe Ballads 8 

Costello's Persian Rose Garden 8 

Dante, translated by Wright 9 

Goldsmith's Poems ----- 11 

Gray's Elegy, illuminated - - - 11 

Heron's Palestrina ----- 13 

Horace, by Tate - - - - 29 

L. E. L.'s Poetical Works - - - 16 

Linwood's Anthologia Oxoniensis - - 17 

Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome - - 19 

Mackay's English Lakes - - . - 19 

Montgomery's Poetical Works - - 21 

Moore's Poetical Works - - - - 21 

„ LallaRookh - 22 

,, Irish Melodies - - - - 22 

Moral of Flowers 22 

Poet's Pleasaunce - - - - - 24 

Pope's Works 24 

Reynard the Fox ----- 25 

Sheldon's Minstrelsy - - - - 27 

Sophocles, by Linwood - - - - 27 

Southey's Poetical Works - 28 

„ Oliver Newman - - 28 

,, British Poets - - - - 26 

Spirit of the Woods - 28 

Thomson's Seasons - - - - 29 

Turner's Richard IIL - 30 

Watts's (A. A.) Lyrics of the Heart - 31 

POLITICAL ECONOMY AND 
STATISTICS. 

Gilbart on Banking - - - - - 11 
M'Culloch's Geographical, Statistical, and 

Historical Dictionary - - 19 

M'Culloch's Literature of Polit. Economy 19 

„ On Taxation and Funding - 19 

,, Statistics of the British Empire 19 

Strong's Greece as a Kingdom - - 28 

Tooke's History of Prices - - 30 

Twiss's Oregon Question Examined - 31 

RELIGIOUS AND MORAL 
WORKS, ETC. 

Amy Herbert, edited by Rev. W. Sewell 5 
Bailey's Essays on the Pursuit of Truth - 5 
Bloomfield's Greek Testament - - 6 
„ College and School ditto - 6 
,, Lexicon to Greek Testament 6 
Bunseu's Church of the Future - - 7 
Burns's Christian Philosophy - - - 7 
,, Christian Fragments - - - 7 
Callcott's Scripture Herbal - - - 7 
Cooper's Sermons - - - 8 
Dale's Domestic Liturgy - 9 
Dibdin's Sunday Library - - - - 28 
Doddridge's Family Expositor - - 10 
Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Con- 
cordance of the Bible - 16 
,, Greek Concordance of the 

New Testament - - 10 



Pages 

Fitzroy's (Lady) Scripture Conversations 11 

Forster's Historical Geography of Arabia 11 

„ Life of Bishop Jebb - 11 

Gertrude, edited by the Rev. W. Sewell - 11 

Hook's (Dr.) Lectures on Passion Week 13 
Home's Introduction to the Study of the 

Scriptures - - - - 14 

,, Compendium of ditto - - 14 

Horsley's (Bp.) Biblical Criticism - - 14 

,, Psalms ----- 14 

Jebb's Protestant Kempis - - 15 

,, Pastoral Instructions - 15 

,, Correspondence with Knox 15 

Knox's (Alexander) Remains - - - 16 

Laing's Notes on the German Catholic 

Schism ------ 16 

Laneton Parsonage - - - - - 16 

Maitland's Church in the Catacombs - 20 

Marriage Gift - - - - - 20 

Michelet's Priests, "Women, and Families 21 

„ and Quinet's Jesuits - - 21 

Milner's Church History - - 22 

Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History - - 21 

Parables (The) ... 03 

Parkes's Domestic Duties - - - 23 

Peter Plymley's Letters - - - - 24 

Pitman's Sermons on the Psalms - - 24 

Riddle's Letters from a Godfather - - 25 
Robinson's Greek and English Lexicon 

to the New Testament - 25 

Sandford On Female Improvement - 26 

,, On Woman - - - - 26 

,, 's Parochialia - "26 

Sermon on the Mount (The) - - - 26 

Shepherd's Horae Apostolicae - - 27 

Smith's Female Disciple - - - - 27 

,, (G.) Perilous Times - - 27 

,, Religion of Ancient Britain 27 

„ (S.) Sermons - - - - 27 

Southey's Life of Wesley - - - 28 

Stebbing's Church History - - - 28 

Tate's History of St. Paul - - - 29 

Tayler's(Rev.C.B.) Margaret; or, the Pearl 29 

>> )> Sermons - - 29 

,, „ DoraMelder - - 29 

,, ,, Lad v Mary - - 29 

Taylor's (Jeremy) Works - - - 29 

Tomline's Christian Theology - - 30 

,, Introduction to the Bible - 30 

Trollope's Analecta Theologica - - 30 

Turner's Sacred History - - - 30 

Wardlaw On Socinian Controversy - 31 

Weil's Bible, Koran, and Talmud - - 31 

Whitley's Life Everlasting - - - 32 

Wilberforce's View of Christianity - 32 

Willoughby's (Lady) Diary - . - 32 

RURAL SPORTS. 

Blaine's Dictionary of Sports - - 6 

Hansard's Fishing in Wales - - 12 

Hawker's Instructions to Sportsmen - 13 
Loudon's (Mrs.) Lad y's Country Companion 17 

Stable Talk and Table Talk - 28 

THE SCIENCES IN GENERAL, 
AND MATHEMATICS. 

Bakewell's Introduction to Geology - 5 
Balmain's Lessons on Chemistry 6 
Brande's Dictionary of Science, Litera- 
ture, and Art - - 6 
Brewster's Optics ----- 7 
Conversations on Mineralogy - - - 8 
De la Beche on theGeology of Cornwall,etc. 9 
Donovan's Chemistry - - - - 10 
Elliot's Geometry - - - - _ 10 
Farey on the Steam Engine - - 10 
Fosbroke on the Arts of the Ancients - 11 
Greener on the Gun - _ _ - 12 
Herschel's Natural Philosophy - - 13 
,, Astronomy - - - - 13 



16 



17 



24 



Pages 

Holland's Manufactures in Metal - - 13 

Humboldt's Kosmos - - - - 14 

Hunt's Researches on Light - - - 15 

Kane's Elements of Chemistry - ~ 15 . 

Kater and Lardner's Mechanics - - 15 

La Place's System of the World - - 16 

Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopaedia - - 16 

,, Hydrostatics and Pneumatics - 16 

,, and Walker's Electricity 
Lardner's Arithmetic 

„ Geometry 

,, Treatise on Heat 
Lerebours On Photography 
Lloyd On Light and Vision 

Mackenzie's Physiology of Vision - - « 

Marcet's Conversations on Sciences, etc. 20 

Moseley's Practical Mechanics - - 22 

,, Engineering and Architecture 22 

Narrien's Elements of Geometry - - 26 

„ Astronomy and Geodesy - - 26 
Nesbit's Mensuration - - --22 

Owen's Lectures On Comparative Anatomy 23 

Parnell On Roads - - - - 23 

Pearson's Practical Astronomy - - 23 

Peschel's Physics ----- 24 
Phillips's PalaeozoicFossilsof Cornwall, etc. 24 

„ Guide to Geology - - - 24 

,, Treatise on Geology - - - 24 

,, Introduction to Mineralogy - 24 

Poisson's Mechanics - - - - 24 
Portlock's Report on the Geology of 

Londonderry - 

Powell's Natural Philosophy - - - __ 

Qnarterlv Journal of the Geological Society 24 

Ritchie (Robert) on Railways - - 25 

Roberts's Dictionary of Geology - - 25 

Sandhurst Mathematical Course - - 26 

Scott's Arithmetic and Algebra - - 26 

,, Trigonometry - - - - 26 

Thomson's Algebra - - - - - 29 

Wilkinson's Engines of War - - - 32 

TRAVELS. 

Allan's Mediterranean 5 

Beale's Vale of the Towey 6 

Coolev's World Surveyed 8 

Costello's (Missj North Wales - 9 

De Custine's Russia 9 

De Strzelecki's New South Wales 9 

Erman's Travels through Siberia - - 8 

Harris's Highlands of ^Ethiopia - - 12 

Howitt's (R.) Australia Felix - - 14 

Laing's Notes of a Traveller - - 16 

,, Residence in Norway - 16 

,, Tour in Sweden . 16 

Life of a Travelling Physician - - 17 

Mackay's English Lakes - - - 19 

Montauban's Wanderings - - - 21 

Parrot's Ascent of Mount Ararat S 

Paton's (A. A.) Servia - 23 

,, Modern Syrians - - 23 

Pedestrian Reminiscences - - - 23 

Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwreck - 26 

Strong's Greece as a Kingdom - - 28 

Von Orlich's Travels in India - - - 31 

VETERINARY MEDICINE 

Centaur's Two Books on the Horse - 8 

Field's Veterinary Records - - H 

Morton's Veterinary Toxicological Chart 22 

jj ,, Medicine - - 22 

Miles On the Horse's Foot - - - 21 

Percivall's Hippopathology - 23 

,, Anatomy of the Horse - - 23 

Spooner on the Foot and Legof the Horse 28 

• Stable Talk and Table Talk - 28 

Turner On the Foot of the Horse - - 30 

Winter On the Horse - - - - 32 



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BULL.— THE MATERNAL MANAGEMENT OF CHILDREN, 

In HEALTH and DISEASE. By Thomas Bull,M.D. Physician Accoucheur to the Finsbury 
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BULL— HINTS TO MOTHERS, 

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Physician Accoucheur to the Finsbury Midwifery Institution, etc. 4th Edition, revised and 
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BUN SEN (C. C. J.)— THE CHURCH OF THE FUTURE: 

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BUNSEN— AN INQUIRY INTO THE HISTORY, ARTS AND SCIENCES, 

LANGUAGE, WRITING, MYTHOLOGY, and CHRONOLOGY of ANCIENT EGYPT: 
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BURNS.— THE PRINCIPLES OF CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY; 

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BURNS— CHRISTIAN FRAGMENTS; 

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BUTLER.— A SKETCH OF MODERN AND ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 

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BUTLER. -AN ATLAS OF MODERN GEOGRAPHY. 

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BUTLER.-AN ATLAS OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 

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BUTLER— A GENERAL ATLAS OF MODERN AND ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. 

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CHALENOR. -WALTER CRAY, 

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CLAVERS.— FOREST LIFE. 

ByMaryClavers, an Actual Settler; author of "ANew Home, Who '11 Follow?" 2vols. 
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COCKS (C>-BORDEAUX, ITS WINES, AND THE CLARET COUNTRY. 

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COLLEGIAN'S GUIDE (THE); 

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COLLIER (J. PAYNE.)- A BOOK OF ROXBURCHE BALLADS- 

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CONSCIENCE (HENDRIK).— SKETCHES FROM FLEMISH LIFE. 

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CONVERSATIONS ON BOTANY. 

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CONVERSATIONS ON MINERALOGY. 

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COOLEY.-THE WORLD SURVEYED IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY ; 

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COOPER (REV. E.)-SERMONS, 

Chiefly designed to elucidate some of the leading Doctrines of the Gospel. To which is added, 
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COOPER (REV. E.)-PRACTICAL AND FAMILIAR SERMONS, 

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College, Oxford. New Editions. 7 vols. 12mo. \l. 18s. boards. 

*»* Vols. 1 to 4, 5s. each; Vols. 5 to 7, 6s. each. 

COPLAND.— A DICTIONARY OF PRACTICAL MEDICINE; 

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COSTELLO (MISS).— THE ROSE GARDEN OF PERSIA. 

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COSTELLO (MISS)— FALLS, LAKES, AND MOUNTAINS OF NORTH 

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CROCKER'S ELEMENTS OF LAND SURVEYING. 

Fifth Edition, corrected throughout, and considerably improved and modernised, by 
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CROWE.-THE HISTORY OF FRANCE, 

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DAHLMANN.-HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION. 

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DALE (THE REV. THOMAS). — THE DOMESTIC LITURGY AND 

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DANTE, TRANSLATED BY WRIGHT.— DANTE. 

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DAVY (SIR HUMPHRY).-ELEMENTS OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY 

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DE BURTIN.— A TREATISE ON THE KNOWLEDGE NECESSARY TO 

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DE CUSTINE.— RUSSIA. 

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DE LA BECHE.-REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF CORNWALL, DEVON, 

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DE MORGAN.— AN ESSAY ON PROBABILITIES, 

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DE SISMONDL— THE HISTORY OF THE ITALIAN REPUBLICS: 

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DOCTOR (THE), ETC. 

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10 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 

DODDRIDGE,— THE FAMILY EXPOSITOR; 

Or, a Paraphrase and Version of the New Testament : with Critical Notes, and a Practical 
Improvement of each Section. Bj- P. Doddridge, D.D. To which is prefixed, a Life of the 
Author, by A. Kippis, D.D. F.R.S. and S.A. New Edition. 4vols. 8vo. 1/. 16s. cloth. 

DONOVAN.— TREATISE ON CHEMISTRY. 

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DONOVAN.— A TREATISE ON DOMESTIC ECONOMY. 

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DOUBLEDAY'S BUTTERFLIES.— THE GENERA OF DIURNAL LEPI- 

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etc., Assistant in the Zoological Department of the British Museum. Imperial 4to. uniform 
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DOVER.-LIFE OF FREDERICK II. KING OF PRUSSIA. 

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DRUMMOND(DR. J. L.)-LETTERS TO A YOUNG NATURALIST, ON 

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DRUMMOND.— FIRST STEPS TO BOTANY, 

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DUNHAM.-THE HISTORY OF THE GERMANIC EMPIRE. 

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THE MIDDLE AGES. 4vols. l/.4s. THE LIVES OF THE EARLY WRITERS 

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DUNLOP (JOHN).-THE HISTORY OF FICTION: 

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EASTLAKE (C. LO-MATERIALS FOR A HISTORY OF OIL PAINTING. 

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ECCLESTON (JAMES).— A MANUAL OF ENGLISH ANTIQUITIES. 

By James Eecleston, B.A. Head Master of Sutton Coldfield Grammar School. 8vo. with 
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ELLIOT (J.)— A COMPLETE TREATISE ON PRACTICAL GEOMETRY AND 

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ELLIOTSON.— HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY: 

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THE ENGLISHMAN'S HEBREW AND CHALDEE CONCORDANCE OF 

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FAREY.-A TREATISE ON THE STEAM-ENGINE, 

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FERGUS.— THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

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FIELD. -POSTHUMOUS EXTRACTS FROM THE VETERINARY 

RECORDS OF THE LATE JOHN FIELD. Edited by his Brother, William Field, Vete- 
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FITZROY (LADY). —SCRIPTURAL CONVERSATIONS BETWEEN 

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FORSTER.-STATESMEN OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND. 

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FORSTER (REV. C.)— THE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ARABIA; 

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FORSTER (REV. C.)— THE LIFE OF JOHN JEBB. D.D. F.R.S. 

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GERTRUDE, 

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G1LBART (J. W.)— THE HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF BANKING. 

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GOLDSMITH-THE POETICAL WORKS OF OLIVER GOLDSMITH. 

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GOOD— THE BOOK OF NATURE. 

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GRAHAM.-ENCLISH; OR, THE ART OF COMPOSITION 

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GRANT (MRS.)— LETTERS FROM THE MOUNTAINS. 

Being the Correspondence with her Friends, between the years 1//3 and 1803. By Mrs. 
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GRANT (MRS., OF LAGGAN). — MEMOIR AND CORRESPONDENCE 

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GRATTAN— THE HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, 

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GRAY (JOHN). -GRAY'S ELEGY, 

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GRAY.— FIGURES OF MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS, 

Selected from various Authors. Etched for the Use of Students. By Maria Emma Gray. 
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3&= 



12 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 

GRAY AND MITCHELL'S ORNITHOLOGY.— THE GENERA OF BIRDS; 

Comprising their Generic Characters, a Notice of the Habits of each Genus, and an exten. 
sive List of Species, referred to their several Genera. By George Robert Gray, Acad. Imp. 
Georg. Florent. Soc. Corresp. Senior Assistant of the Zoological Department, British 
Museum; and author of the "List of the Genera of Birds," etcletc. Imperial 4to. illus- 
trated with 350 Plates, by David William Mitchell, B.A. 
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GRAY (J. E.)— THE GENERA OF MAMMALIA; 

Comprising their Generic Characters— a Notice of the Habits of each Genus— and a short 
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Three plain Plates, with accompanying Letter-press. The Work will not exceed 25 Parts. 

Publication will cornmence when 150 Subscribers' Names have been received. 

GREENER.— THE GUN; 

Or, a Treatise on the various Descriptions of Small Fire Arms. By W. Greener, Inventor of 
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GREENWOOD (COL.)— THE TREE- LIFTER; 

Or a New Method of Transplanting Trees. By Col. Geo. Greenwood. Svo.withan Illus- 
trative Plate,/*- cloth. 

GRIMBLOT (P.)— LETTERS OF WILLIAM III. AND LOUIS XIV. AND OF 

THEIR MINISTERS. Illustrating the Domestic and Foreign Policy of England during 
the period which followed the Revolution of 16SS. Extracted from the Archives of France 
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GRUNER (L.)— THE DECORATIONS OF THE GARDEN PAVILION IN THE 

GROUNDS OF BUCKINGHAM PALACE. Fifteen Plates, by L. Gruner. With Descrip- 
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MICHELET (J).— PRIESTS, WOMEN, AND FAMILIES. 

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